brmlab project:brain_hacking

Closest 10-10 Electrode position to each Brodmann area

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2011-10-14T21:11:46+00:00

	current
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	+	==== Closest 10-10 Electrode position to each Brodmann area ====

	+	*Area LEFT RIGHT
	+	*ba01 C3 C4
	+	*ba02 C3 C4
	+	*ba03 C3 C4
	+	*ba04 C3 C4
	+	*ba05 C1 CP2
	+	*ba06 FC3 FC4
	+	*ba07 P1 P2
	+	*ba08 F1 F2
	+	*ba09 AF3 AF4
	+	*ba10 FP1 FP2
	+	*ba11 AF7 FPz
	+	*ba17 O1 O2
	+	*ba18 O1 O2
	+	*ba19 PO7 PO4
	+	*ba20 FT9 FT10
	+	*ba21 T7 T8
	+	*ba22 T7 T8
	+	*ba23 Pz Pz
	+	*ba24 F1 F2
	+	*ba31 Pz Pz
	+	*ba32 F1 AFz
	+	*ba37 P7 P8
	+	*ba38 FT9 FT10
	+	*ba39 P5 P6
	+	*ba40 CP3 CP4
	+	*ba41 C5 T8
	+	*ba42 T7 C6
	+	*BROCA/44R F5 FC6
	+	*ba45 F8
	+	*ba46 AF7 F6
	+	*ba47 F7 F8
	+
	+	==== Closest Brodmann area to each 10-10 electrode ====
	+
	+	ELECTRODE / SITE
	+	*FP1 ba10L
	+	*FPz ba10L
	+	*FP2 ba10R
	+	*AF7 ba46L
	+	*AF3 ba09L
	+	*AFz ba09L
	+	*AF4 ba09R
	+	*AF8 ba46R
	+	*F7 ba47L
	+	*F5 ba46L
	+	*F3 ba08L
	+	*F1 ba08L
	+	*Fz ba08L
	+	*F2 ba08R
	+	*F4 ba08R
	+	*F6 ba46R
	+	*F8 ba45R
	+	*FT9 ba20L
	+	*FT7 ba47L
	+	*FC5 BROCLA
	+	*FC3 ba06L
	+	*FC1 ba06L
	+	*FCz ba06R
	+	*FC2 ba06R
	+	*FC4 ba06R
	+	*FC6 ba44R
	+	*FT8 ba47R
	+	*FT10 ba20R
	+	*T7 ba42L
	+	*C5 ba42L
	+	*C3 ba02L
	+	*C1 ba05L
	+	*Cz ba05L
	+	*C2 ba05R
	+	*C4 ba01R
	+	*C6 ba41R
	+	*T8 ba21R
	+	*TP7 ba21L
	+	*CP5 ba40L
	+	*CP3 ba02L
	+	*CP1 ba05L
	+	*CPz ba05R
	+	*CP2 ba05R
	+	*CP4 ba40R
	+	*CP6 ba40R
	+	*TP8 ba21R
	+	*P9 ba20L
	+	*P7 ba37L
	+	*P5 ba39L
	+	*P3 ba39L
	+	*P1 ba07L
	+	*Pz ba07R
	+	*P2 ba07R
	+	*P4 ba39R
	+	*P6 ba39R
	+	*P8 ba37R
	+	*P10 ba37R
	+	*PO7 ba19L
	+	*PO3 ba19L
	+	*POz ba17L
	+	*PO4 ba19R
	+	*PO8 ba19R
	+	*O1 ba18L
	+	*Oz ba17R
	+	*O2 ba18R
	+
	+	Here is the anatomical gyral names of the various Brodmann areas. Recall that there is a Brodmann area in both left and right hemisphere, the homologues.
	+	Gyrus (Functional name)
	+
	+	*1-3 – intermediate, caudal, and rostral postcentral (Primary Somatosensory Cortex)
	+	*4 - gigantopyramidal (Primary Motor Cortex)
	+	*5 - preparietal (Somatosensory Association Cortex)
	+	*6 - agranular frontal (Premotor cortex and Supplementary Motor Cortex)
	+	*7 - superior parietal (Somatosensory Association Cortex)
	+	*8 - intermediate frontal (includes Frontal eye fields)
	+	*9 - granular frontal (Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, DLFC)
	+	*10 - frontopolar (DLFC)
	+	*11 - prefrontal (Orbitofrontal)
	+	*12 - prefrontal (Orbitofrontal)
	+	*17 - striate (Primary visual cortex, V1)
	+	*18 - parastriate (Secondary visual cortex, V2)
	+	*19 - peristriate (Tertiary or Associative visual cortex, V3)
	+	*20 - inferior temporal
	+	*21 - middle temporal
	+	*22 - superior temporal (caudal section considered Wernicke's area by most)
	+	*23 - ventral posterior cingulate
	+	*24 - ventral anterior cingulate
	+	*31 - dorsal posterior cingulate
	+	*32 - dorsal anterior cingulate
	+	*37 - occipitotemporal
	+	*38 - temporopolar (temporal pole)
	+	*39 – angular
	+	*40 - supramarginal
	+	*41-42 – ant. & posterior transverse temporal
	+	*44 - opercular (part of Broca's area on left hemisphere)
	+	*45 - triangular (part of Broca's area on left hemisphere)
	+	*46 - middle frontal
	+	*47 - orbital
	+	*48 - retrosubicular
	+
	+	EXCLUDED FROM SKIL BRODMANN MONTAGE due to small size and distance from scalp
	+	25 - subgenual
	+	26 - ectosplenial
	+	28 - entorhinal
	+	29 - granular retrolimbic
	+	30 - agranular retrolimbic
	+	33 - pregenual
	+	34 - dorsal entorhinal
	+	35 - perirhinal
	+	36 - ectorhinal
	+	43 - subcentral
	+	52 - parainsular
	+
	+	FP1 covers Brodmann area 10 on the front left side of the frontal lobe. This is part of the prefrontal cortex, that highly developed part of the brain which sets us apart from other mammals since it is responsible for the execution of cognitive tasks. Complex behaviours and simultaneous mental activities need a kind of working memory that keeps track of running tasks in either pending states or executive states. For most cognitive functions information needs to be retrieved after completion of another task. The prefrontal cortex co-ordinates all of this mental traffic and shows clear elevation in beta levels when performing calculative tasks, logical puzzles or other intellectual questions. FP2 covers the right side of the prefrontal cortex.
	+	**
	+	F7 and F8** cover parts of the frontal cortex. The frontal cortex is involved in integrating sensory information with data retrieval from memory locations. This way new sensory information can be compared with earlier perceptions. Area 45 – which is one part of Broca’s area, a brain centre dedicated to language production – at position F8 is also believed to recover semantic information and to evaluate that information in the light of the current context.
	+
	+	C3 and C4 are located on top of the primary somatosensory cortex, in the parietal part of the cortex. This is a clearly defined strip on top of the brain responsible for processing touch and sensation as well as keeping track of the location of your body parts (proprioception).
	+
	+	The two electrodes at the back of the headset, O1 and O2 for the occipital area of the cortex, cover the secondary visual cortex which is processing information relating to visual association. Cells are tuned to simple properties such as orientation, spatial frequency, and color. Depending on the exact positioning of the headset – which is likely to be slightly different per individual – they might also track the primary visual cortex from which the information is forwarded to the secondary visual cortex. Primary cortex here corresponds to Brodmann area 17 and the secondary to area 18. The connectivity between primary and secondary cortices is important for visual memory.
	+
	+	1 2 & 3 Bilateral
	+	* Localize pain
	+	* Localize touch and vibration
	+	* Localize temperature
	+	* Sense of fingers
	+	* Sense of body
	+	* Move hands
	+	* Move mouth and tongue
	+	* Swallowing
	+	* Anticipate pain (2, 3)
	+	* Anticipate tickling
	+	* Mirror neurons
	+
	+	1 2 & 3 L
	+
	+	1 2 & 3R
	+	(Primary motor cortex - Precentral gyrus)
	+
	+	4
	+	* Muscle sequences
	+	* Move hands
	+	* Limbs
	+	* Sense of our fingers
	+	* Softness and vibration
	+	* Move tongue and mouth
	+	* Actions, Touches
	+	* Swallow
	+	* Voluntary breathing
	+	* Muscle imagery
	+	* Blinking
	+	* Eye movements
	+	* Bicycling
	+
	+	4L
	+	* Tactile
	+
	+	4R
	+	* Verbal encoding during episodes
	+	(Secondary sensorimotor cortex )
	+
	+	5
	+	* Chaotic patterns
	+	* Spatial reasoning
	+	* Muscle imagery
	+	* Tool-use gestures
	+	* Muscles
	+	* Mirror neurons
	+	* Coordinate hands
	+	* Saccades
	+	* Working memory
	+	* Tactile
	+	* Pain
	+	* Muscle locations
	+
	+	5L
	+	* Imitate novel actions
	+
	+	5R
	+	* Action memory
	+	(Premotor cortex or Lateral Premotor Area (PMA); Supplementary Motor Area (SMA))
	+
	+	6
	+	* Action planning
	+	* Action learning
	+	* Start moves
	+	* Muscle imagery
	+	* Imagined moves
	+	* Voluntary breathing
	+	* Saccades
	+	* Laughter, smiling
	+	* Words
	+	* Language
	+	* Language switching
	+	* Understand speech
	+	* Lipreading
	+	* Human voices
	+	* Acoustic rhythms
	+	* Generate melodies
	+	* Working memory
	+	* Mnemonics
	+	* Episodes
	+	* Topographic memory
	+	* Locations
	+	* Self-reflection
	+	* Update locations
	+	* Eye guidance
	+	* Observe actions (Mirror neurons)
	+	* Solve novelty
	+	* Orchestrate
	+	* Calculation
	+
	+	6L
	+	* Speech muscles
	+	* Novel words
	+	* Phonemes
	+	* Object names
	+	* Deduction
	+	* Inhibit response
	+
	+	6R
	+	* Sequential moves
	+	* Monitor errors
	+	* Strong odors
	+	* Same or different
	+	(Superior parietal lobule)
	+
	+	7
	+	* Self-reflection
	+	* Goals
	+
	+	7L
	+	* Recall episodes
	+	* Tool use
	+	* Handwriting and spelling
	+	* Shift attention
	+	* Language
	+	* Literalness
	+	* Imageability
	+
	+	7R
	+	* Personal space
	+	* Estimate
	+	* Meta-emotions
	+	* Visuospatial attention
	+	* Mental rotation
	+	* Stereopsis
	+	* Line bisection judgments
	+	(Lateral and medial supplementary motor area)
	+
	+	8
	+	* Muscle learning
	+	* Muscle imagery
	+	* Muscle control
	+	* Saccades
	+	* Laughter, smiling
	+	* Executive control
	+	* Planning
	+	* Speech programs
	+	* Language processing
	+	* Language translation
	+	* Generating sentences
	+	* Lipreading
	+	* Working memory
	+	* Perceptual priming
	+	* Topographic memory
	+	* Visuospatial and visuomotor attention
	+	* Sequence learning
	+	* Proprioceptive stimulation
	+	* Pain anticipation
	+	* Processing uncertainty
	+	* Inductive reasoning
	+	* Calculation
	+	* Auditory imagery
	+
	+	8L
	+
	+	8R
	+	* Memory retrieval
	+	* Nonconscious saccades
	+	(Middle frontal gyrus)
	+
	+	9
	+	* Short-term memory
	+	* Recency
	+	* Orchestrate behavior
	+	* Verbal fluency
	+	* Word-stem completion
	+	* Error detection
	+	* Human voices
	+	* Infer (a, b, ?)
	+	* Intentions
	+	* Action authorship
	+	* Energize
	+
	+	9L
	+	* Generate sentences
	+	* Inference
	+	* Idioms
	+	* Categorization
	+
	+	9R
	+	* Suppress sadness
	+	* Working memory
	+	* Spatial memory
	+	* Recognition
	+	* Recall
	+	* Recognize emotions
	+	* Planning
	+	* Calculation
	+	* Familiar odors
	+
	+	10
	+	* Working memory
	+	* Spatial memory
	+	* Recognition
	+	* Recall
	+	* Intentional forgetting
	+	* Nonspeech sounds
	+	* Recognize emotions
	+	* Calculation
	+	* Pain
	+	* Joint attention
	+
	+	10L
	+	* Syntax(a)
	+	* Metaphor
	+	* Lexical
	+	* Verbs
	+	* Self-reflection
	+	* Self-appraise
	+	* Inferences during reading
	+
	+	10R
	+	* Recall episode(a)
	+	* Nonspeech sounds
	+	* Familiar odors
	+	* Reward vs conflict
	+	* Risk vs benefit
	+	(Gyrus rectus)
	+
	+	11
	+	* Olfaction
	+	* Nonspeech sounds
	+	* Reward vs conflict
	+
	+	11L
	+	* Unexpected outcomes
	+	* Idioms
	+	* Face-name
	+
	+	11R
	+	* Self-calm
	+	* Odors
	+
	+	12
	+
	+	**
	+	12L**
	+
	+	12R
	+	(Insular Cortex)
	+
	+	13
	+	* Expectation of painful stimulation
	+	* Reward fluctuation
	+	* Pain processing
	+	* Heat
	+	* Touch
	+	* Vibration
	+	* Vestibulation
	+	* Olfaction and taste
	+	* Verbal memory
	+	* Action planning
	+	* Swallowing
	+	* Categorization
	+	* Error awareness
	+	* Motivated reasoning
	+	* Risk-taking
	+	* Emotional inhibition
	+	* Express fear or disgust
	+	* Vocal pitch
	+	* Humor appreciation
	+
	+	13L
	+	* Phonemes
	+
	+	13RBold Text
	+	(Primary visual cortex)
	+
	+	17
	+	*Receive
	+	* Light intensity
	+	* Orderly visual patterns
	+	* Contours
	+	* Colors
	+	* Spatial orientation
	+	* Motion
	+
	+	*Organize
	+	* Visual attention
	+	* Visual priming
	+
	+	*Express
	+	* Help saccade eyes
	+
	+	17L
	+
	+	17R
	+	* Visuo-spatial
	+	(Secondary visual cortex -Middle occipital gyrus)
	+
	+	18
	+	*Receive
	+	* Light intensity
	+	* Motion
	+	* Orderly visual patterns
	+	* Understand finger gestures
	+	*Organize
	+	* Monitor color and shape
	+	* Visual priming
	+	* Face-name
	+	*Express
	+	* Help saccade eyes
	+
	+	18L
	+	* Visual word form
	+	* Visual mental imagery
	+
	+	18R
	+	* Visuo-spatial and visuo-emotional processing
	+	(Secondary visual cortex - Inferior occipital gyrus)
	+
	+	19
	+	*Receive
	+	* Light intensity
	+	* Visual patterns
	+	* Motion
	+	* Understand finger gestures
	+	* Sign language
	+
	+	*Organize
	+	* Monitor color and shape
	+	* Feature-based attention
	+	* Orientation-selective attention
	+	* Visual priming
	+	* Visual memory recognition
	+	* Spatial working memory
	+	* Phonological demands
	+
	+	19L
	+	* Saccades
	+	* Visual imagery
	+	* Inferential reasoning
	+
	+	19R
	+	* Animacy
	+	* Visuospatial challenge
	+	* Motion
	+	* Visuo-spatial
	+	* Visual priming
	+	* Visual recognition
	+	* Spatial working memory
	+	* Face-name
	+	* Saccades a)
	+	* Visual imagery
	+	(Inferior temporal, Fusiform and Parahippocampal gyri)
	+
	+	20
	+	* Visual fixation
	+	* Identify intention
	+
	+	20L
	+	* Suspicion
	+	* Truth telling
	+	* Process latter parts of sentences
	+	* Visual categorization
	+	* Lexical categories
	+	* Metaphor comprehension
	+	* Language comprehension and production
	+	* Monitor speech
	+
	+	20R
	+	* Category ambiguity
	+	* Perceptual closure
	+	* Working memory
	+	(Middle temporal gyrus)
	+
	+	21
	+	* Categorization
	+	* Observe motion
	+	* Complex sounds
	+	* Attribute intention
	+
	+	21L
	+	* Monitor text and speech
	+	* Sentence generation
	+	* Word generation
	+	* Deductive reasoning
	+
	+	21R
	+	* Prosody
	+	(Superior Temporal Gyrus - Part of Wernicke's area)
	+
	+	22
	+	* Sentence generation
	+	* Word generation
	+	* Monitor speech
	+	* Repeating words
	+	* Complex sounds
	+	* Deductive reasoning
	+
	+	22L
	+	* Auditory language
	+	* Categorization
	+	* Learning tone-based 2nd language
	+
	+	22R
	+	* Affective prosody
	+	* Nonverbal sounds
	+	* Previous eye movements
	+	(Posterior cingulate gyrus)
	+
	+	23
	+	* Action memory
	+	* Episodic retrieval
	+	* Recall
	+	* Resolve proactive interference
	+	* Learn complex procedure
	+	* Finger movements
	+	* Temperature processing
	+	* Visual discrimination
	+	* Evaluative judgment
	+	* Self/other distinction
	+	* Classical conditioning
	+
	+	23L
	+	* Lexical categories
	+	* Fear conditioning
	+	* Threatening words
	+	* Mood swings
	+
	+	23R
	+	* Cortical hub in infancy
	+	* Disconnects with trauma
	+	* Word and face encoding
	+	(Anterior cingulate gyrus)
	+
	+	24
	+	* Process pain or unpleasantness
	+	* Inhibiting responses
	+	* Processing emotional cues
	+	* Muscle strategy
	+	* Sense of balance
	+	* Episodic memory
	+	* Timekeeping or time-based memory
	+	* Visuospatial attention
	+	* Divided attention
	+	* Auditory attention
	+	* Self-other overlap
	+	* Process familiar odors
	+	* Taste
	+	* Sexual arousal
	+	* Reasoning
	+	* Working memory
	+
	+	24L
	+	* Object-naming
	+	* Verbal fluency
	+	* Induction
	+	* Remembering after delay
	+	* Multitasking
	+	* Worry
	+	* Mood swings
	+
	+	24R
	+	* Sustain response set
	+	* Verbal initiation and suppression
	+	* Memory retrieval
	+	* Conflict monitor
	+	* Monitors consequences of actions
	+	* Suppress aggression
	+	* Mood swings
	+	(Subgenual gyrus)
	+
	+	25
	+	* Moral reasoning
	+
	+	25L
	+	* Evaluate emotional words
	+
	+	25R
	+
	+	26
	+
	+	26L
	+
	+	26R**
	+	(Hippocampal areas - Part of medial temporal lobe)
	+
	+	27
	+	* Pattern separation (overlapping representations are made less similar)
	+	* Face memory
	+	* Picture memory
	+	* Auditory memory(a)
	+	* Emotions
	+	* Categories
	+	* Visual memory
	+	* Autobiographical memory
	+	* Olfactory and gustatory memory
	+	* Recognition, recall and retrieval
	+	* Procedural memory consolidation
	+	* Memory for novelty
	+	* Memory for negative stimuli
	+	* Face-based emotional perception
	+	* Erotica
	+	* Experience stress
	+	* Congruent facial movements (mirror neurons)
	+	* Craving
	+	* Hunger
	+	* Embarassment
	+	* Spatial
	+	* Landmarks (a, b, c )
	+	* Novelty
	+	* Past and future events
	+	* Anticipating regret
	+	* Insight
	+	* Decision-making
	+
	+	27L
	+	* Categorization (a, b, c,)
	+
	+	**27R
	+
	+	28
	+
	+	28L
	+
	+	28R
	+
	+	29
	+	* Precautions
	+
	+	29L
	+
	+	29R
	+
	+	30
	+
	+	30L
	+	* Attending to speech
	+	* Listening to sentences
	+
	+	30R
	+
	+	31
	+
	+	31L
	+	* Self-evaluation
	+
	+	31R
	+
	+	32
	+	* Activated by affective distress
	+
	+	32L
	+	* Visual uncertainty
	+	* Mood regulation
	+
	+	32R
	+	* Sustain response set
	+	* Identify pain
	+	* Self-insight
	+	* Reward
	+	* Reappraise negative emotions
	+
	+	**33
	+	33L
	+
	+	33R
	+
	+	34
	+
	+	34L
	+
	+	34R
	+
	+	35
	+
	+	35L
	+
	+	35R
	+
	+	36
	+
	+	36L
	+
	+	36R**
	+	(Posterior inferior temporal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, and fusiform gyrus)
	+
	+	37
	+	* Episodes
	+	* Faces
	+	* Motion
	+	* Visual fixation
	+	* Monitor color and shape
	+	* Intentions
	+	* Drawing
	+
	+	37L
	+	* Categorization
	+	* Word retrieval
	+	* Sign language
	+	* Metaphor
	+	* Reading (GPC)
	+	* Face-name
	+	* Deduction
	+	* Numbers
	+
	+	37R
	+	* Familiarity judgments
	+	* Face identity
	+	(Temporal pole)
	+
	+	38
	+	* Intentions
	+	* Moral judgments
	+	* Experience emotions
	+	* Identify emotions
	+	* Attachment
	+	* Categorization
	+	* Speech comprehension
	+	* Verbal disambiguation
	+	* Stories
	+	* Aversive sounds
	+	* Familiarity
	+	* Humor
	+
	+	38L
	+	* Self/other
	+	* Attend to speech
	+	* Inferences
	+	* Identify social emotions
	+	* Aversiveness
	+	* People’s names
	+	* Music appreciation
	+
	+	38R
	+	* Familiar voices
	+	* Irony
	+	* Faux pas
	+	* Social behavior
	+	(Angular gyrus; Part of Wernicke's area)
	+
	+	39
	+	* Reading
	+	* Spatial focusing
	+	* Theory of mind
	+	* Executive control
	+	* Action sequences
	+
	+	39L
	+	* Sentence generation
	+	* Verbal creativity
	+	* Numerical facts
	+	* Calculation
	+
	+	39R
	+	* See differently from others
	+	* Visuospatial
	+	* Sight reading of music
	+	* Self-relevance
	+	* Resolve surprise
	+	* Action authorship
	+	* Situational context
	+	(Inferior parietal lobule - Supramarginal gyrus)
	+
	+	40
	+	* Attend to phonemes
	+	* Categorization
	+	* Verbal creativity
	+	* Aversiveness
	+	* Emotional working memory
	+	* Conscious recollection
	+	* Visual grasping
	+	* Gesture imitation
	+	* Visuomotor planning
	+	* Repetitive passive movements
	+	* Intention/conflict detection
	+	* Somatosensory
	+	* Motion
	+	* Deduction
	+	* Empathy
	+	* Music performance
	+	* Goals
	+	* Imitate novel actions
	+
	+	40L
	+	* Calculation (integer computation)
	+	* Verbal creativity
	+
	+	40R
	+	* Sentences
	+	* Self-reflection
	+	* Same or different
	+	* Sustain attention
	+	(Primary auditory cortex - Heschl's gyrus)
	+
	+	41
	+	* Auditory
	+	* Harmony
	+	* Sound intensity
	+	* Pitch
	+	* Vowel segregation
	+	* Auditory priming
	+	* Auditory working memory
	+	* Visual speech perception
	+
	+	41L
	+
	+	41R
	+	(Secondary auditory cortex)
	+
	+	42
	+	* Auditory
	+	* Harmony
	+	* Sound intensity
	+	* Pitch
	+	* Vowel segregation
	+	* Auditory priming
	+	* Auditory working memory
	+	* Visual speech perception
	+
	+	42L
	+	**
	+	42R**
	+	(Subcentral area)
	+
	+	43
	+	* Tactile digit stimulation
	+	* Spoken language
	+
	+	43L
	+
	+	43R
	+	(Inferior frontal gyrus - Pars opercularis)
	+
	+	44
	+	* Word generation
	+	* Unintelligible speech b
	+	* Attend to speech
	+	* Syntactic working memory
	+	* Working memory
	+	* Episodic memory
	+	* Declarative memory
	+	* Mirror other's movements
	+	* Speech programs
	+	* Tactile imagery
	+	* Goals
	+	* Word and face encoding
	+	* Arithmetics
	+	* Object manipulation
	+	* Familiar odors
	+	* Music appreciation
	+
	+	44L
	+	* Linguistic fluency
	+	* Grapheme-to-phoneme conversion
	+	* Grammar
	+	* Sequential sounds
	+	* Lexical inflection
	+	* Sentence comprehension
	+	* Imitate finger movements
	+	* Phonemes
	+
	+	44R
	+	* Express emotions
	+	* Speech intonation
	+	* Sentence comprehension
	+	* Inhibition actions
	+	* Generate melodies
	+	* Monitor actions
	+	(Inferior frontal gyrus - Pars triangularis)
	+
	+	45
	+	* Semantic & phonological processing
	+	* Generate words
	+	* Verbal fluency
	+	* Lexical search
	+	* Phonemes
	+	* Grammar
	+	* Categories
	+	* Sign language
	+	* Reason
	+	* Metaphors
	+	* Working memory
	+	* Episodic memory
	+	* Declarative memory
	+	* Digits
	+	* Mirror movement neurons
	+	* Response inhibition
	+	* Mental rotation
	+	* Word and face encoding
	+	* Aesthetic and music appreciation
	+	* Modulate emotions
	+
	+	45L
	+	* Attend to speech
	+	* Lexical inflection
	+	* Generate melodic phrases
	+	* Familiar odors
	+	* Retrieving categories
	+	* Phonemes
	+	**
	+	45R**Bold Text
	+	* Affective prosody
	+	* Monitor actions
	+	* Timed behavior
	+	(Medial frontal gyrus)
	+
	+	46
	+	* Memory recognition
	+	* Working memory
	+	* Categorization
	+	* Monitor
	+	* Chewing
	+	* Drawing
	+	* Mirror neurons
	+	* Saccades
	+	* Intention/conflict detection
	+	* Music appreciation
	+	* Willfulness
	+	* Strategy
	+
	+	46L
	+	* Verbal fluency
	+	* Phonemes
	+	* Self-reflection
	+
	+	46R
	+	(Inferior frontal gyrus - Pars orbitalis)
	+	**
	+	47**
	+	* Categorization
	+	* Phoneme
	+	* Lexical inflection
	+	* Attend to speech
	+	* Working memory
	+	* Episodic memory
	+	* Adverse emotional inhibition
	+	* Temporal coherence
	+	* Intention
	+	* Deduction
	+
	+	47L
	+	* Idioms
	+	* Make inferences during reading
	+	* Categorization
	+	* Familiar odors
	+	* Retrieve categories
	+	* Music
	+
	+	47R
	+	* Affective prosody
	+	* Behavioral inhibition
	+	* Manage conflict and reward
	+	* Monitor actions
	+	* Monitor unattended informatio

Cranial Electric Stimulation (CES)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2011-06-02T22:19:31+00:00

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	+	====== Cranial Electric Stimulation (CES) ======
	+	http://www.eegbiofeedback.cz/e-stim/cesky/cesky.php?menu=popismet
	+
	+	http://www.mindalive.com/1_0/techtalkceswaveforms.htm
	+
	+	notes:
	+
	+	*Maximum <1.5mA Peak ~40 Volts Peak-Peak into typical 4k ohm load. Minimum <~10 microamperes, 10 Volt Peak-Peak at the lowest setting
	+
	+	* Output impedance ~20k ohm
	+
	+	* Modified rectilinear wave with rapid rise time (under 1uS). There are over 500 harmonic frequencies delivered in each pulse as observed on a frequency domain (not time domain) spectrum analyzer
	+
	+	* Base waveform (Mode 1) 1,000 Hz Square wave (+/- 1%) pulse-modulated by 111.11 Hz (+/- 1%) Square wave. Waveforms are Microchip Quartz Crystal-Controlled for precise frequency output. There are 6 user-selectable output Modes
	+
	+	* 9-Volt DC Alkaline Battery operation, useful to end voltage ~6.2 Volts. Battery drain: minimum ~9mA @ 9 Volts to maximum of 30mA with output fully loaded* Low battery indicator.
	+
	+	* Pulses are Bi-Phasic (AC) with no DC or offset bias. Output is transformer coupled so that no direct current can appear at electrodes. The algebraic sum of positive and negative-going pulses is zero. This obviates any possibility of electrolysis, ion migration, or polarization.
	+
	+	*MODE 1-3 (550uS pulse width)
	+
	+	*Mode 11,000 Hz modulated by 111.11 Hz, 550uS Pulse WidthOutput = Continuous
	+
	+	*Mode 2 1,000 Hz modulated by 111.11 Hz, 550uS Pulse WidthOutput = 1 Second ON, 1 Second OFF
	+
	+	*Mode 3 1,000 Hz modulated by 111.11 Hz, 550uS Pulse Width
	+
	+	*Output = Amplitude Modulated by 7.83 Hz Schumann (Earth) Sine Wave
	+
	+
	+	*MODE 4-6 (220uS pulse width)
	+
	+	*Mode 4 1,000 Hz modulated by 111.11 Hz, 220uS Pulse Width Output = Continuous
	+
	+	*Mode 5 1,000 Hz modulated by 111.11 Hz, 220uS Pulse Width Output = 1 Second ON, 1 Second OFF
	+
	+	*Mode 6 1,000 Hz modulated by 111.11 Hz, 220uS Pulse Width Output = Amplitude Modulated by 7.83 Hz Schumann (Earth) Sine Wave
	+
	+	-------------
	+	CES Ultra Primary Specifications
	+
	+	*Frequency: 100 Hz. and .35 Hz.
	+
	+	*Power Source: 9V Battery (Incl.)
	+
	+	*Amplitude: 10-600 micro amps (continuously adjustable)
	+
	+	*Wave Shape: Modified Sinusoidal
	+
	+	*Waveform: Bipolar asymmetric rectangular
	+
	+	*Amplitude: 0-1.5 Ma. (skin resistance considered)
	+
	+	*Duty Cycle: 50%
	+
	+	*Pulse Duration: 2 milliseconds (20% duty cycle)
	+
	+	*Timer Control: 30 min. & 45 min.
	+
	+
	+	Biedebach12 has argued that treatment efficacy is determined by certain microcurrent waveform parameters. Research suggests that N-type voltage-sensitive calcium channels in cell membranes are more effectively opened by short electrical pulses.13 Other work suggests that L-type voltage-sensitive calcium channels are more effectively opened by longer pulses.14 N-type channels tend to predominate on sensory neurons and stimulate the release of powerful vasodilating substances such as calcitonin gene-related peptide, whereas L-type channels predominate on fibroblasts.15 Theoretically, it would be advantageous for a microcurrent device to incorporate both characteristics into its waveform, and to adjust each component in response to changing tissue electrical impedance in an attempt to optimize the effect.
	+	One microcurrent device (Figure 1) addresses this issue.16 The current waveform (Figure 2) has an "overshoot" phase, which acts as a short-duration pulse to open N-type channels, and a longer duration "plateau" phase to open L-type channels. In 1 model, the current overshoot is maintained between 1.5 and 2.0 mA. The width of the overshoot (measured at the 1.0-mA level) is automatically adjusted between 100 and 300 microseconds by a feedback mechanism in response to the measured tissue impedance. The width of the overshoot increases with decreasing tissue impedance; this is believed to open more N-type channels. The plateau phase width is automatically adjusted between 2 and 200 milliseconds commensurate with tissue impedance in an attempt to optimize the opening of L-type channels. The amplitude of the plateau phase is determined predominantly by the manually adjusted intensity dial on the outside of the device. A train of positive-going "carrier pulses" is followed by a train of negative-going carrier pulses to complete a 4-second repeating cycle (Figure 3). The carrier pulse frequency is adjusted manually by the frequency dial. Treatment is rendered by use of attachable electrodes including (but not limited to) brass "mini plates," "point-specific probes" with brass tips, "transcranial clip" (earclip) electrodes, and an "auricular probe" with a thin, spring-loaded, stainless steel tip for the detection and treatment of auricular points (Figure 4).
	+
	+	{{http://www.medicalacupuncture.org/aama_marf/journal/vol12_2/images/case1figure2.jpg}}
	+
	+
	+	{{http://www.medicalacupuncture.org/aama_marf/journal/vol12_2/images/case1figure3.jpg}}
	+
	+
	+	{{http://www.moellermedical.net/waveform1.jpg}}
	+
	+
	+	{{http://www.eccentricgenius.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/mastoidprocess.jpg}}
	+
	+
	+	Variace CES Ultra
	+	*Frequency: 100 Hz
	+
	+	*Waveform: Bipolar asymmetric rectangular
	+
	+	*Duty Cycle: 50%
	+
	+	*Pulse Duration: 2 milliseconds (20% duty cycle) - 20us peak- 1 180us - 0,6 pauza 100us
	+
	+	*Time : 30 min
	+
	+	*Signal :stereo (R-20dB)
	+
	+	*Device: Mp3 player + small amplyfiler
	+
	+	{{http://img4.rajce.idnes.cz/d0405/3/3067/3067987_fb45cf5635d8597fefd74df8e71a960c/images/ces2.JPG}}
	+
	+
	+	{{http://img5.rajce.idnes.cz/d0511/3/3243/3243226_1760caf2f0a9bbc6bd6cbe9fa83e76b8/images/CES1.jpg}}
	+

Caloric vestibular stimulation - CVS

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2011-10-03T11:54:02+00:00

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	+	====== Caloric vestibular stimulation - CVS ======
	+
	+
	+	====== Technique ======
	+
	+	Cold or warm water or air is irrigated into the external auditory canal, usually using a syringe. The temperature difference between the body and the injected water creates a convective current in the endolymph of the nearby horizontal semicircular canal. Hot and cold water produce currents in opposite directions and therefore a horizontal nystagmus in opposite directions.[4] In patients with an intact brainstem:
	+	If the water is warm (44°C or above) endolymph in the ipsilateral horizontal canal rises, causing an increased rate of firing in the vestibular afferent nerve. This situation mimics a head turn to the ipsilateral side. Both eyes will turn toward the contralateral ear, with horizontal nystagmus to the ipsilateral ear.
	+	If the water is cold, relative to body temperature (30°C or below (ice water)), the endolymph falls within the semicircular canal, decreasing the rate of vestibular afferent firing. The eyes then turn toward the ipsilateral ear, with horizontal nystagmus (quick horizontal eye movements) to the contralateral ear.
	+	Absent reactive eye movement suggests vestibular weakness of the horizontal semicircular canal of the side being stimulated.
	+
	+	====== Planned use ======
	+
	+	=== vestibular system DONE ===
	+
	+	===body preception ===
	+	changing body preception potentional useful method for induction Out of body experience DONE*
	+	update note: effect lasting to short :( for OOBE aplication
	+
	+	=== neuromodulation ===
	+	( this method also changig activation of various brain parts)
	+	*switching between hemispeheres
	+	*modulation of brain part/function
	+
	+
	+	{{http://painmuse.org/images/syringe.jpg}}

Postup zapojení EEG v Brmlabu

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2011-11-01T13:40:45+00:00

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	+	====== Postup zapojení EEG v Brmlabu======

	+	===== Kontrola přistroje a připojení k PC =====
	+	*zapnout Pc při strartu ESC (načítaní RAM)
	+	*spustit BioExplorer (na ploše)
	+	*přijimač do vrchního USB (vzadu na PC vedle kablu od klávesnice)
	+	*načíst design brmlab.bxd (na ploše)
	+	*start
	+	*zapnout EEG vypínač zespodu ,měla by svítit zelená dioda
	+	*na obrazovace v pravém hroním rohu BATTERY OK pokud ne vyměnit baterku
	+	*na oboukanálech by mel bežet nejaký šum
	+	*vypnout EEG vypínač na přístroji
	+
	+	===== Základy zapojení =====
	+	Měří se bipolárně,měřené místo je mezi elektrodamy + a - (odečítá se GND a často je spočné z - takže měřené místo je spíše pod +)
	+
	+	Označení na EEG
	+	*CH1 1+,1-
	+	*CH2 2+,2-
	+	*GND N
	+
	+	kladná nad měřeným místem
	+
	+	záporná elektroda je většinou ve střední linii (Fz,Cz,Oz) nebo na mastoidu meřené hemisféry (za uchem)
	+	pokud je společná pro oba kanály použit propojku , je zde i možnost zapojit na oba mastoidy
	+
	+	GND-N většinou na mastoid pripadne zas střední linie
	+
	+	===== Volba měření - Příklady =====
	+
	+
	+	==== EOG -pohyb očí ====
	+	{{https://brmlab.cz/_media/project/brain_hacking/signal_z_ld.jpg}}
	+	*CH1 - Af8,Nz
	+	*CH2 - Af7,Nz
	+	*N - A1 (mastoid)
	+
	+	==== Fotostimulace ====
	+	*CH1 - O1,Oz
	+	*CH2 - O2,Oz
	+	*N - A1 (mastoid)
	+
	+	==== Motorický biofeedback ====
	+	*CH1 - C4,Cz
	+	*CH2 - C3,Cz
	+	*N - A1 (mastoid)
	+
	+
	+	==== Spánek ====
	+
	+
	+
	+	===== Volba měření - Vlastní =====
	+
	+
	+	Vyberte si funkci mozku kterou chcete měřit a najdete k ní příslušnou broadmnnovu oblast a pozice elektrod.
	+
	+	==== Mapy kortexu - názvy a funkce ====
	+
	+	{{http://www.marketoracle.co.uk/images/dorn_4_11_07b.jpg}}
	+
	+	{{http://img5.rajce.idnes.cz/d0505/2/2777/2777746_9b3423caf12d750e2ce8b91f5c4ea36b/images/b-left.jpg}}
	+	{{http://img5.rajce.idnes.cz/d0505/2/2777/2777746_9b3423caf12d750e2ce8b91f5c4ea36b/images/b-right.jpg}}
	+	{{http://familydoctor.co.uk/media/upload/mind%20map.jpg}}
	+
	+
	+	==== Peřevod Brodmannových oblastí na pozice EEG ====
	+	https://brmlab.cz/project/brain_hacking/broadmannarea
	+	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodmann_area
	+
	+	{{http://www.staalhemel.com/wp-content/uploads/electrodes-Brodmannareas.jpg}}
	+	{{http://start.eegspectrum.com/Newsletter/10-10.jpg}}
	+	{{http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/nnh/sem04/Fig2-4a.jpg}}
	+
	+
	+	=====Pozice elektrod 10/20 a 10/10 system =====
	+
	+	{{http://www.immrama.org/images/eegimages/10-20placement.gif}}
	+	*F - Frontal lobe
	+	*T - Temporal lobe
	+	*C - Central lobe
	+	*P - Parietal lobe
	+	*O - Occipital lobe
	+	*"Z" refers to an electrode placed on the mid-line.
	+
	+	{{http://www.bci2000.org/wiki/images/1/15/ElectrodePositions1020.PNG}}
	+
	+	{{http://bindcenter.eu/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/eeg1.jpg}}
	+	{{http://bindcenter.eu/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/eeg4.jpg}}
	+
	+	{{http://www.bem.fi/book/13/fi/1303.gif}}
	+	{{http://courses.cit.cornell.edu/bionb440/FinalProjects/f2005/kwj5/index_files/figure5.gif}}
	+
	+	==== Jak najít zprávnou pozici ====
	+
	+	{{youtube>x7Ck2sTN-6s?medium}}
	+	{{youtube>6xgVm6F2d2k?medium}}
	+
	+	===== Zapojení elektrod =====
	+	{{http://www.mind-machines.de/images/elektrodenset.jpg}}
	+	*mrknout na video
	+	{{youtube>Vu6UkHx6kz8?medium}}
	+
	+	*očistit kůži abrasivním gelem - Nuprep
	+	*otřít vatou
	+	*nanést trochu vodivého gelu Ten20 na msito elektrody a rozetřit trochu to odhrne vlasy
	+	*nabrat gel na elektrodu
	+	*elektrodu na halavu a zajistit kuličkou z vaty jemně na ni zatačit po stranách
	+	*elektroda se nesmi přímo dotýkat kuže proto netalčit moc silně
	+	*kabel od elektrody vést za ucho trochu se tím zajistí proti vytržení
	+
	+	*po zkončení očistit elektrody v horké slané vodě (rozpustěni gelu) a osušit vatou
	+	*pokud mužete tak přispějte cena spotřebního materiálu na jedno zapojeni EEG je cca 30-50Kč (do spodního šuplíku)
	+
	+
	+
	+
	+
	+
	+	===== Vlastni měření =====
	+
	+	*vyplinit protokol v spodním šuplíku
	+	*record - do plocha/Brmlab expediments
	+	*krátký popis a hlavně pozice elektrod
	+
	+	== Kalibrace ==
	+	*spektrogramy levý-klik , properties ,sensitivity -nastavit podle intenzity signálu
	+
	+	==Bioexplorer - brmlab.bxd==
	+	{{https://brmlab.cz/_media/project/brain_hacking/bioex1.jpg?800x600}}
	+	{{https://brmlab.cz/_media/project/brain_hacking/bioex2.jpg?800x600}}
	+	{{https://brmlab.cz/_media/project/brain_hacking/bioex3.jpg?800x600}}
	+
	+	Pásma:
	+	*Delta (není zobrazeno)
	+	*Delta2
	+	*Theta
	+	*Alfa 1
	+	*Alfa 2
	+	*SMR
	+	*Beta 1
	+	*Beta 2
	+	*Gama
	+
	+
	+	===== Frekvenční pásma =====
	+
	+	==== Alfa rytmus ====
	+	Frekvence je 8 – 13 Hz* a amplituda je nejčastěji 20 – 50 uV . Trvání jednotlivých alfa vln je 0,125 – 0,08 s. Maximum je nad zadními oblastmi mozkových hemisfér, směrem dopředu této aktivity ubývá. Je přítomna v bdělém stavu při zavřených očích, v klidu a relaxaci. Tlumí se pozorností, hlavně pak zrakovým vjemem.
	+	{{http://img1.rajce.idnes.cz/d4/2/2683/2683315_106b9a9947359a57fc63d6123f99bda4/images/alfa.jpg}}
	+
	+	==== Gama rytmus ====
	+	*30+Hz
	+
	+	==== Beta rytmus ====
	+	Frekvence beta vln je od 14-30 Hz . Amplituda se pohybuje mezi 10 – 20 uV*.Někdy se však vyskytnou i záznamy, kde amplituda dosahuje 50uV a více. Trvání jednotlivých beta vln je pod 0,075 s. Maximum mívá beta rytmus nejčastěji vpředu, směrem dozadu aktivity ubývá. K útlumu nedochází pozorností ani zrakovými vjemy.
	+	{{http://img1.rajce.idnes.cz/d4/2/2683/2683315_106b9a9947359a57fc63d6123f99bda4/images/beta.jpg}}
	+
	+	==== Theta rytmus ====
	+	*Jedná se o rytmus o frekvenci od 4 do 8 Hz. Trvání jedné theta vlny je mezi 0,125 – 0,250 s. Theta vlny lze považovat za patologické bez ohledu na velikost amplitudy.
	+
	+	==== Delta rytmus ====
	+	Frekvence je menší než 4 Hz. Amplituda bává dosti často velmi vysoká, 100 – 200 uV ale i 500 uV a více*.Trvání jedné delta vlny je více než 0,250 s. Delty vlny se objevují jen v útlém dětství a v dospělosti v hlubokých stadiích spánku.
	+	Dalšími rytmy, kde však již vedle frekvence hraje důležitou roli tvar vln, případně jejich vztah k základním rytmům jsou:
	+
	+	==== Alfa varianta ====
	+	*Má stejnou lokalizaci i reaktivitu jako alfa rytmus. Frekvenčně má k alfa aktivitě přímý vztah.
	+	*a) rychlá varianta: její frekvence je násobkem alfa rytmu (tzn. že má-li alfa rytmus frekvenci
	+	12 Hz je frekvence této varianty
	+	např.: 24 Hz případně i 36Hz)
	+	*b) pomalá varianta: její frekvence je podílem frekvence alfa rytmu
	+
	+	==== Mí rytmus ====
	+	Vlny mají často ,,arkádový“ nebo ,,hřebenový“ tvar. Frekvence mí rytmu je poloviční oproti beta rytmu. Netlumí se otevřením očí,* ale představovaným a hlavně skutečným pohybem, zejména ruky.**
	+
	+	==== Lambda rytmus (vlna) ====
	+	*Je to ostrá vlna, která se objevuje při otevřených očích. Její trvání je kolem 0,1 s.
	+
	+	==== Sigma rytmus ====
	+	Má frekvenci kolem 14Hz. Amplituda je obvykle kolem 30 – 40 mV.* Objevuje se ve zřetelných skupinách.
	+
	+
	+	V elektroencefalogramech odlišujeme od normálních vln ještě vlny ostré a hroty.
	+	Ostrá vlna je samostatná vlna trojúhelníkového tvaru, která trvá od 0,08 do 0,2 s. Hroty jsou pak také samostatné vlny, ale jejich trvání je kratší než 0,08 s.
	+	Komplexem hrotu a vlny se označuje skupina 2 nebo více vln, které se jasně liší od základní aktivity a opakují se. První má trvání pod 0,08 s (hrot) a druhá mezi 0,2 - 0,5 s (vlna).
	+	Jako komplex ostré a pomalé vlny se označuje komplex podobný komplexu hrotu a vlny, avšak trvání ostré vlny je 0,08 – 0,2 s a trvání vlny pomalé 0,5 – 1 s.
	+	U psychiatrickým pacientů se vyskytují často také tzv. pozitivní hroty 6 a 14 za s. Jejich frekvence je patrná podle názvu. Pohybuje se kolem 6 a 14 Hz. Trvají asi 1/14 s a jejich amplituda je obyčejně 50 – 100 mV. Objevují se v sériích nejméně 3 hrotů.
	+
	+	Výše uvedené aktivity mohou být podle pravidelnosti a uspořádání
	+
	+	* 1. souvislé a pravidelné (charakteristické pro rytmy
	+	* 2. souvislé a nepravidelné
	+	* 3. přerušované, v různě zřetelně ohraničených skupinách
	+
	+
	+	*udaje brát z rezervou nic moc kvalita pasamse dají rozdělit i přesněji
	+
	+	{{http://img1.rajce.idnes.cz/d4/2/2683/2683315_106b9a9947359a57fc63d6123f99bda4/images/lokalizace_1.jpg}}
	+
	+	==== arealni diferenciace : bdělost zavřene oči ====
	+	*PF-beta a plochá theta
	+	*FC-nepravidelná alfa a rolandicá aktivita
	+	*T-alfa a polchá theta
	+	*PO-vzhledm k ostanim pravidelnejši alfa
	+	*nad dominatni H obvykle nižsi amplituda a nepravidelnejši rytmus
	+
	+	==== OO-blokace alfa ====
	+	*nejvice v TPO
	+	{{http://img1.rajce.idnes.cz/d4/2/2683/2683315_106b9a9947359a57fc63d6123f99bda4/images/alfa_11_TPO.jpg}}
	+	{{http://img1.rajce.idnes.cz/d4/2/2683/2683315_106b9a9947359a57fc63d6123f99bda4/images/habituace_alfa_lmd_LMD_ADHD.jpg}}
	+	==== Alfa rebound effect ====
	+
	+	{{http://img1.rajce.idnes.cz/d4/2/2683/2683315_106b9a9947359a57fc63d6123f99bda4/images/reakce_zastavy_a_rebound.jpg}}
	+	{{http://img1.rajce.idnes.cz/d4/2/2683/2683315_106b9a9947359a57fc63d6123f99bda4/images/rebound_alfa_up.jpg}}
	+	*RE GE u epileptiku hroty a pomale vlny
	+
	+	*F-EMG-musculus frontalis
	+
	+	*FCP-někdy akrádovy rytmus ,hlavně pri motorickem klidu a nekdy při otevřeni očí rozpada se pohybem
	+
	+	*Hyperventilace spoušti alfa muže i theta
	+
	+	==== Fotostimulace 5Hz ====
	+
	+	{{http://img1.rajce.idnes.cz/d4/2/2683/2683315_106b9a9947359a57fc63d6123f99bda4/images/foto5hz.jpg}}
	+
	+
	+	==== Artefakty ====
	+
	+	{{http://img1.rajce.idnes.cz/d4/2/2683/2683315_106b9a9947359a57fc63d6123f99bda4/images/artefakty2.jpg}}
	+	{{http://img1.rajce.idnes.cz/d4/2/2683/2683315_106b9a9947359a57fc63d6123f99bda4/images/artefaktz_1.jpg}}
	+
	+	==== Záchvaty ====
	+
	+	{{http://img1.rajce.idnes.cz/d4/2/2683/2683315_106b9a9947359a57fc63d6123f99bda4/images/zachvat.jpg}}
	+	{{http://img1.rajce.idnes.cz/d4/2/2683/2683315_106b9a9947359a57fc63d6123f99bda4/images/zachvat_2.jpg}}
	+	{{http://img1.rajce.idnes.cz/d4/2/2683/2683315_106b9a9947359a57fc63d6123f99bda4/images/zachvat_3.jpg}}
	+	{{http://img1.rajce.idnes.cz/d4/2/2683/2683315_106b9a9947359a57fc63d6123f99bda4/images/zachvat_4.jpg}}
	+
	+	===== Links =====
	+
	+
	+	*[[http://books.google.cz/books?id=PigKJuOSvbMC&pg=PA424&lpg=PA424&dq=eeg+genitals+sensory&source=bl&ots=AfcePrSIyj&sig=LxmcFK244dKaMhGJScTiFOal4D4&hl=cs&ei=E8OjTLjjAozOswbKwvGqCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CD8Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=eeg%20genitals%20sensory&f=false\|Introduction to quantitative EEG and neurofeedback: advanced theory and aplications]]
	+
	+
	+	*[[http://books.google.cz/books?id=eGICOzEkQ9QC&printsec=frontcover&dq=eeg&hl=cs&ei=gsejTNziJ4mX4gbb0P2IAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false\|Atlas of EEG patterns]]
	+
	+	*[[http://books.google.cz/books?id=YMHsluy4QygC&printsec=frontcover&dq=eeg&hl=cs&ei=gsejTNziJ4mX4gbb0P2IAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false\|Fisch and Spehlmann's EEG primer: basic principles of digital and analog EEG]]
	+
	+	*[[http://books.google.cz/books?id=Zrlxa0U133AC&printsec=frontcover&dq=eeg&hl=cs&ei=gsejTNziJ4mX4gbb0P2IAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CEUQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q&f=false\|Handbook of EEG Interpretation]]
	+
	+	*[[http://books.google.cz/books?id=1UOiD94HdXkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=eeg&hl=cs&ei=gsejTNziJ4mX4gbb0P2IAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CFkQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q&f=false\|EEG-fMRI: Physiological Basis, Technique and Applications]]
	+
	+
	+	*[[http://books.google.cz/books?id=BugAqw40TFEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=eeg&hl=cs&ei=t8ejTJeKN8-d4QaR1tTwAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDQQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q&f=false\|Basic mechanisms of the EEG]]
	+
	+	*[[http://www.physionet.org/physiobank/database/sleep-edf/\|The Sleep-EDF Database]]
	+
	+	*[[http://sites.google.com/site/projectbci/\|Project BCI - EEG motor activity ]]
	+
	+	*[[http://amouraux.webnode.com/letswave4-beta/\|LetsWave]]
	+
	+	*[[http://www.eeginfo.ch/en/neurofeedback/support/downloads.html\| EEG Info file repository]]
	+
	+	*[[http://sulcus.berkeley.edu/FreemanWWW/manuscripts/IA1/Freeman-63.pdf\|THE ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY OF A PRIMARY SENSORY
	+	CORTEX:
	+	ANALYSIS OF EEG WAVES]]

Graphic mind interface

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2014-08-24T12:55:35+00:00

1370356757	current
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	+	====== Graphic mind interface ======
	+	<note important>Experience has shown that experimentation in this area may be dangerous. May lead to changes in the perception of reality and symptoms of "schizophrenia".
	+	</note>
	+	===== Goals: =====

	+	Final goal : Graphic interface to mind based on subconsciousnes generated visual data showed in visual field ( mind eye ).
	+
	+	===== Experience =====
	+	Experience over the last two years have shown many risks,side effects and lot of ways how not to do it.
	+
	+	Intention make this interface cause many poroblems its create intention/suggestions working in the subconscious which i long time
	+	not knew about.This suggestions cuase lowering of preception priority of physical senses and lowering significance of physical reality as a whole.
	+	These changes did not create the required interface (for reasons which i found out much later)but create interesting side effects.
	+	Lowering priority of physical reality freed resources for this perception used , this free resources began to be used subconsciousnes processes.
	+	Physical manifestations were more fatique and impaired senses especially vision. Mental symptoms increased perception of emotions, thoughts and emotions
	+	foreign to me, preception of "ghosts", comunication with "ghosts" and different kinds of aspects of personality, better comunication with awareness.
	+	Especially in the beginning it was very difficult i had headaches and emotions with limited control over them.Gradually I learned how to navigate
	+	and working with them sensations became intense but controlable.I knew that essentially exhibit classic symptoms of schizophrenia but
	+	i began have state sufficiently under control to allow me to explore this state and its mechanisms deeper (dangerous but exciting journey).
	+	I have gained an interesting new perspective on how schizophrenia works which included a much broader view of different interactions at different levels.
	+	For example, as trigger "schizophrenia" can serve any phenomenon that reduces priority physicals or physiacal reality importance or something witch
	+	increse priority of nonplysical senses and reality.This lowering can by cased for exmple by depresion , deterioration of the physical senses , intention/suggestions.
	+	Recently, trying to fix the setting of priorities of physical senses and at the same time you maitain advantages nonphysical perception give me.
	+
	+
	+
	+
	+
	+
	+
	+	===== Notes =====
	+	==== Hypangogic state ====
	+	[[http://www.academia.edu/468970/EEG_power_associated_with_early_sleep_onset_images_differing_in_sensory_content_2001_#]]
	+	notes:
	+	<note>idea: comaparation of automatic drawing and EEG data </note>
	+	*12-14Hz EEG spindles during the SO transition , but may reflect loss of consciousness of the external environment.
	+	*Adiminution in the N3 ERP component may also index an attentional shift from external sensation tointernal imagery
	+	*Occipital alphablocking with low-voltage, 4-7 Hz theta waves has also beenreported that appears to be associated with high rates of imagery recall
	+	*EEG-derived dipoles indicate that spontaneous thoughts at SO differin localization (anterior vs. posterior) and frequency band(delta/theta and alpha primarily) depending upon the specificcontent under investigation (e.g., abstract vs. visual)
	+	*Dream-like experiencesoccur most frequently in SO-stage 4 (flattening of the EEG to less than 20µV)
	+	*{{http://i27.tinypic.com/51bnep.png}}
	+	*frequency of kinesthetic images peaks in SO-stage 1 thendecreases steadily in later stages, whereas the opposite is truefor visual images
	+	* Distribution of Modalities OverSO Stages
	+	Of the 120 images, 80.9% (97) were classified as occurringin SO-stage 4 (EEG flattening) whereas 12.5% (15) wereclassified as occurring in SO-stage 5 (theta ripples). Onlyseven images (5.8%) occurred in SO-stages 1 or 2, a singleimage (0.8%) occurred in SO-stage 7, and no images occurredin SO-stages 8 and 9.
	+	* Spectral Powerof Kinesthetic and Visual Images
	+	*1) awake EEG samples, forbfrequencies faster than delta, had higher power than did corresponding image samples–regardless of whether thesewere kinesthetic or visual samples;
	+	*2) image samples had higher delta power than awake samples;
	+	*indicated reduced power during image samples regardless of whether these were visual or kinesthetic. The effect was by farmost generalized for alpha, for which all 19 electrodessignificantly discriminated awake from imagery samples.
	+	*Findings from two previous self-observational studies(Nielsen, 1991, 1995) suggested that images produced withthis method are temporally-linked to the initiation of muscleatonia and/or phasic neuromuscular events such as limbtwitches and head jerks. If this is the case, then it is also likelythat atonia-linked movements experienced by our subjectsduring the task awakened them before they progressed beyondSO-stage 4 or, at most, 5.
	+	<note>measure delta increase Fp1(kinesthetic) T5(visual) </note>
	+
	+
	+
	+	==== Ganzfeld ====
	+	===Ganzfeld-induced hallucinatory experience, its phenomenology and cerebral electrophysiology===
	+	[[http://www.efectoganzfeld.com/uploads/5/3/0/3/5303662/ganzfeld.pdf]]
	+	*The term ganzfeld originally denoted a homogeneous visual
	+	field. By analogy, unstructured or de-structured stimulation
	+	can be applied to other sensory systems, e.g., auditory or
	+	tactile. Studies aiming at induction of ASC have been using
	+	‘multi-modal ganzfeld’ (MMGF), i.e., simultaneous exposure
	+	to unstructured visual and auditory input.
	+	*Further research focused mainly on the conditions of figure-
	+	ground differentiation in the ganzfeld and colour perception
	+	(see Avant, 1965, for a review, cf. also Tsuji et al., 2004).
	+	*In our earlier experimental studies (Wackermann et al.,
	+	2002; Pu¨ tz et al., 2006) a red-coloured incandescent 60-W
	+	lamp, placed at a distancew120 cm from the eye-shields, was
	+	used as the light source; in recent studies, where a precise
	+	control of the ganzfeld colour is important, a computerdriven,
	+	xenon lamp based D-ILA projector has been used
	+	(Pu¨ tz and Wackermann, 2007). The choice of red colour
	+	reportedly (Cohen, 1958) facilitates the observers’ ‘immersion’
	+	in the ganzfeld.
	+	*Elementary changes of sensory qualities are usually observed
	+	already after a relatively short exposure to the visual or MMGF
	+	(a few minutes). The visual field’s luminance diminishes and
	+	the field shows diffuse inhomogeneities, often described as
	+	a ‘cloudy fog’. In case of a colour ganzfeld, the field’s colour
	+	gradually bleaches, up to the point of a loss of the sensation
	+	of colour: the field is of indefinite grey, sometimes with an undertone
	+	of the complementary colour, e.g., greyish-green if
	+	red light is used. In addition, more distinct structures may appear
	+	against the diffuse ‘foggy’ background: dots, zig-zag
	+	lines, or more complex patterns. Generally, these elementary
	+	perceptual phenomena can be accounted for by adaptive
	+	retinal processes: saturation of the receptive elements and
	+	their mutually inhibitory interactions
	+	*After a prolonged exposure (a few minutes up to tens of
	+	minutes) to the ganzfeld, some subjects report complex
	+	percepts
	+	*Another phenomenon occasionally reported from the
	+	ganzfeld are episodes of ‘‘complete disappearance of the
	+	sense of vision for short periods of time’’, also called ‘blankouts’
	+	(Cohen, 1960), occurring after prolonged exposure (10–
	+	20 min) to the ganzfeld. Subjects also report that during these
	+	periods they were uncertain whether their eyes were open or
	+	closed, or even unable to control their eye movements. In the
	+	‘luminous fog’ of the ganzfeld the subjects do not see anything;
	+	in the ‘blank-out’ periods, they may experience presence
	+	of ‘nothingness’ (Gibson, 1979).
	+	*Interestingly, the very first hallucinatory percept of the
	+	three reported above emerged after a ‘blank-out’ period. Herrmann (2001) in an electroencephalographic
	+	(EEG) study of the visual cortex’s response to a flickering visual
	+	field observed the appearance of subjective colours and forms.
	+	Herrmann and Elliott (2001) described the variety of these
	+	perceptual phenomena as a function of flicker frequency (1–
	+	40 Hz). Recently, Becker and Elliott (2006) reported cooccurrences
	+	of forms and colours in a flickering ganzfeld being
	+	dependent on flicker frequency, and phase relationship
	+	between the subject’s response and the flicker period.
	+	* Immobilised retinal images
	+	The image created by the eye’s optical system can be fixed on
	+	the retina by special techniques (Heckenmueller, 1965). The
	+	structure of the visual field thus remains preserved but the
	+	scanning motion due to eye movements is inhibited. Under
	+	these conditions, partial or total ‘fade-outs’ of the visual field
	+	may occur (Yarbus, 1967), indicating that a regular refreshing
	+	is necessary for maintaining the visual structure. We may
	+	hypothesise a relationship between these ‘fade-outs’ and the
	+	‘blank-out’ periods in ganzfeld, where eye movements are
	+	reportedly reduced.
	+	*However, later studies
	+	revealed functional differences between sub-bands within
	+	the alpha frequency range: low-frequency alpha, reflecting
	+	rather attentional processes, and high-frequency alpha
	+	reflecting cognitive processes (Klimesch, 1997, 1999; cf. also
	+	Shaw, 2003).
	+	*Cohen and Cadwallader (1958) reported correlation between
	+	higher alpha activity in the resting EEG and individual
	+	susceptibility to ‘blank-outs’. Cohen (1960) interpreted occurrence
	+	of alpha activity during the ‘blank-outs’ as alpha
	+	rebounddthis is a well-known phenomenon where, after
	+	a transitory suppression e.g., due to an external stimulus,
	+	eyes opening, etc., alpha activity attains the original level, or
	+	even increases. Tepas (1962) found an increase of alpha amplitude
	+	during the ‘blank-outs’, which was intermediate to ‘eyes
	+	closed’ and ‘eyes open’ conditions, but could not confirm the
	+	hypothesised relation between high alpha activity and
	+	blank-out susceptibility. These findings are in line with early
	+	observations by Adrian and Matthews (1934), who had previously
	+	reported alpha rebound after eyes opening in a uniform
	+	visual field. Later, Lehtonen and Lehtinen (1972) also reported
	+	re-occurrence of alpha activity in the ganzfeld, comparable to
	+	the ‘eyes closed’ condition. Increase of alpha activity was also
	+	observed during the ‘fade-out’ periods in perception of stabilised
	+	retinal images (Lehmann et al., 1967); this supports the
	+	relation to ganzfeld ‘blank-outs’ hypothesised above.
	+	As shown in the preceding sections, the variety of ganzfeld-
	+	induced phenomena is fairly rich and suggests relations
	+	to several different classes of perceptual phenomena and/or
	+	states of consciousness. Objective characterisation of the
	+	brain’s functional states under ganzfeld stimulation by means
	+	of EEG measures may help to elucidate these relations. This
	+	was the objective of our two major ganzfeld studies, results
	+	of which are summarised below.
	+	*There is recent experimental evidence
	+	that eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions are not equivalent
	+	even in the absence of any visual input (Marx et al., 2003).
	+	*Within the waking states, the ganzfeld and ‘normal’
	+	waking states were best distinguished by the band power ratio
	+	a2/a1 (frequency ranges 10–12 Hz and 8–10 Hz, respectively),
	+	which was increased in the ganzfeld EEG, indicating an acceleration
	+	of the alpha activity. Visual inspection of the spectra
	+	reveals a power drop along the lower flank of the alpha peak
	+	in the ganzfeld EEG, leading to an increase of the peak
	+	frequency
	+	*to ganzfeld imagery, with the maximum alpha acceleration in
	+	the time segment 20–10 sec before the report. A time–frequency
	+	analysis of the data gave additional evidence for alpha
	+	acceleration (Wackermann et al., 2003).
	+	*GFI–EEG spectra and revealed various forms of ‘correlation
	+	profiles’ over the analysed 30 sec time window. The
	+	most stable correlation over this time window was a global
	+	(i.e., involving all 19 channels)** negative correlation between
	+	a2 power, measured relative to individual GFB baselines, and
	+	subject-reported vividness of imagery.**
	+	*The relation between fast a2 activity and imagery formation
	+	was interpreted by Pu¨ tz et al. (2006) as an indicator of
	+	activation of thalamo-cortical feedback loops involved in retrieval,
	+	activation and embedding of memory content in the
	+	ganzfeld-induced imagery. The observed a1 attenuation during
	+	the analysis epoch may reflect a shift of attention towards
	+	the visual percept and, later, preparation of the required motor
	+	action (button press signalling occurrence of imagery). The
	+	unspecific alpha-inducing effect of the ganzfeld-induced
	+	steady-state (no imagery) is in line with the inhibition hypothesis
	+	(i.e., alpha synchronisation due to inhibition of cortical
	+	areas related to external sensory information processing),
	+	and with earlier findings of other authors mentioned above
	+
	+	*comparing electrophysiological
	+	signatures of sleep onset, waking mentation and ganzfeld,
	+	it was established that ganzfeld imagery occurs in a brain
	+	functional state which is distinctly different from that
	+	occurring at sleep onset
	+
	+	*
	+	The subjects’ eyes
	+	were covered by translucent, anatomically shaped goggles,
	+	which were illuminated by bright red light. Simultaneously they
	+	were listening to the monotonous sound of a waterfall through
	+	headphones. Sound intensity was individually adjusted to a
	+	subjectively comfortable level. This procedure has proven to
	+	accomplish an almost perfect homogenisation of visual and
	+	acoustic sensory field
	+
	+	*alfa1/alfa2 location Pz
	+	*a1 power shows a minor but continuous decrease during the entire 30-s analysis interval,while a2 displays a distinct tri-phasic time course: initially (30
	+	to 21 s) reduced power, relative to baseline level; followed by a
	+	F burst_up to the baseline level in the second sub-interval (20 to11 s), and finally a monotonic and strong decrease during thelast sub-interval (10 to 2 s). These time courses are reflected by the corresponding Z values
	+	*differences in the time course of the two
	+	a sub-bands are particularly well expressed by the a2/a1 ratio , 8–10 Hz (a1), 10–12 Hz (a2) (a2/a1=-2)
	+
	+	*negative coreleation of a2 power
	+	*There was a positive global correlation for variables b3 power and vividness of imagery
	+
	+	==== Gamma /theta synchrony ====
	+
	+	==== Tetris effect - Cognitive overload ====
	+
	+	==== Hypocampal buffer ====
	+
	+	==== MSI ====
	+
	+	==== Neuromodulation ====
	+	*cholinergic
	+	*dopaminergic
	+
	+	===== Subjective measuring =====
	+
	+
	+	==== Siganl priority - P ====
	+	* Preception priority of signal 0-5 , 3 is border of consciousnes preception .
	+
	+	==== Signal Intensity - I ====
	+	* 0-100
	+
	+	==== Use of system resources - R ====
	+	* 1R = 1/100 of resources aviable in normal state of wakefullnes
	+
	+	==== Image properties ====
	+	*Phase
	+
	+	{{project:brain_hacking:hyp1.jpg }}
	+
	+	*Brightnes
	+
	+	{{project:brain_hacking:jas.jpg}}
	+
	+	*Size % of visual field
	+
	+	{{project:brain_hacking:zoom.JPG}}
	+
	+	*Time
	+	*0,5 flash - image unrocgnizable
	+	*1 flash - image rocognizible
	+	*2 image
	+	*2,5 series of image
	+	*3 scene
	+	*4 micro dream
	+	*5 dream
	+
	+	*Theme stability
	+
	+	===== Objective measuring =====
	+	====?====
	+
	+	=====Expediments=====
	+	*mainly subjective data from automatic drawing , greaphs drawn in PC was simplified
	+	==== Eye blink effect ====
	+	*First i notice this in teris effect tests .When i blink i notice very short "flash" of image .First idea was that is becouse closed eyes but when i closed eyes for longer time i not see any new images or see only much weaker images than on blink (depends os strenght of tetris effect).
	+
	+	===Change of non-physical vision datastream priority when blink - in normal state ===
	+	*base priority NV around 3,83
	+	*duration 20-150ms depend of blink time
	+	*NV in peak 3,1 - 3,2
	+	*after blink 0,01 - 0,03 lower than base
	+
	+	{{project:brain_hacking:nv-p_normal_blink.jpg}}
	+	*time in s , priority
	+
	+	===Change of non-physical and physical vision datastream priority when blink - in normal state ===
	+	* + try to get beter temporal resolution
	+	{{project:brain_hacking:nvfv-p_normal_blink.jpg}}
	+	*time in s , priority ,green physical vision
	+
	+	===Change of non-physical vision datastream signal intensity when blink - in normal state ===
	+	* normal intensity 0,058
	+	* longer blink higher intensity increase by similar rate
	+	* back to normal 12-15ms
	+	* TO DO : longer eye closed , synchornization with priority changes
	+	{{project:brain_hacking:intensity_1.jpg}}
	+
	+	===Change of non-physical vision datastream signal intensity and priority when blink - in normal state ===
	+	{{project:brain_hacking:intensity_2.jpg}}
	+	*blue line eye closed/open
	+	*change of priority not depend on duration of blink
	+
	+	===Change of non-physical vision datastream used system resources and priority when blink - in normal state ===
	+	{{project:brain_hacking:resources1.jpg}}
	+
	+	==== Slow eyes closing and opening ====
	+	*test various closing and opening rates
	+	{{project:brain_hacking:slow_close.jpg}}
	+	*one "box" = 0,1s
	+	*priority of NV
	+	*why NV priority decerase when eyes close, what presisly cause this effect ? Slower closing better and priority? + TEST even longer closing ,P-FV,R-FV,R-NV,I-FV,I-NV
	+	{{project:brain_hacking:slow_close2.jpg}}
	+	*reason find : decrease is caused by focus on FV behaind eylids blacknes
	+	*no focus on NV because no precevable NV , increase NV by disinhibition ?
	+
	+	==== Pasive relaxation ====
	+	{{project:brain_hacking:pasiv_1.jpg}}
	+	*N- nonpysical
	+	*F- physical
	+	*T- touch+termo
	+	*P- proprioreception
	+	*V- vision
	+	* in end strong hypnagogic halucination but low lucidity
	+
	+	==== Pasive vs progresive relaxation - test on hands ====
	+	*deapnes of hand relaxation was very similar but interesting is second images witch show changes in preceprion priority
	+	*senory intereaction and turning on and off of senses, many intresting things to research
	+	* 3 is a limit of consciousnes preception when signl break this barier down to higher priority is consciously precieve, when signal move above 3 is not longer precived
	+	this chnage is noticable in relaxation but is hard to describe it its like change from 2D to 3D balacknes diffent preception of space .This change have different levels i suspect it depends how much senses is turn off (vision , proprioreception..)
	+	{{project:brain_hacking:pasiv-porogresiv-ruce.jpg}}
	+
	+	{{project:brain_hacking:pasiv-porogresiv-ruce-p.jpg}}
	+
	+	==== Pasive relaxation - red behaind the eylids ====
	+	*intreaction of thoughts , NV and FV priorities
	+	{{project:brain_hacking:pasivday.jpg}}
	+
	+	==== Pasive relaxation - change of position , hypnagogic state, sleeap signals , dream ====
	+	* about 30 mins of pasive relaxation before recording "image" , i try to sleeap and change position minimal 3 times (left,right,left)
	+	* i notice some hypnagogic imaginery before recording
	+	* recording start few second before chnge position to laing on left side (red dots - eyes open)
	+	* brown time line is changing position forehed against wall of the bed - notice blue line - physical touch in priority
	+	* greean line -physical vision
	+	* light blue time line - stable hypnagogic satate constatnt flow of images and short scenes ,hyp phase about 0,5-1,5 (depend of NV priority),orange line in P
	+	* yelow time line + blue line - Sleep signals ,touch based dream , somthing else? This need more data
	+	* Blakc time line in R - Probalby lost of consciousnes or very weak
	+	* Indigo time line - dream , notice also increase in R
	+	* Unfortunetly i recording only NV,FV,FT and R and large part of intresting data is lost, experinc continue about next 20min dream,hypnagogic stability control , 2x false awakening .Without data from other senses is FV,NV almoust meaningless
	+
	+
	+	{{project:brain_hacking:dream1.jpg}}
	+
	+
	+	==== Visualisation : Visual attention focus problem ====
	+
	+	{{project:brain_hacking:attentionfocusproblem.jpg}}
	+
	+
	+	====31.5 update ====
	+	EOG and automatic drawing test 10min
	+
	+	*Automatic drawing of FV and NV
	+	*horizontal EOG
	+	Goal : compare EOG (delta amplitude ) to increase FV priority
	+
	+	Result :
	+	*all FV priority peaks found in EOG (+-5s drawing is not that precize ,recording about 9min )
	+	* few peaks in EOG but not in drawing --) only in pars where priority is high and eye movemt or focus to FV no longer incerease it OK
	+
	+	Audio EOG biofeedback to minimalize eye movements
	+
	+
	+	===Pasive realx + sugestion not to move eyes and breathing to eyes about 1 min ===
	+	{{http://brmlab.cz/_media/project/brain_hacking/relax_pasiv_dech_oci_sugesce_not_move.jpg}}
	+	* preception priority P (0-5, lower have higher priority )
	+	* NV non-physical vision
	+	* FV physical visoon
	+	* P-FV up -) P-NV down
	+	* P-NV up -) P-FV down
	+	* P-NV up peaks (value decrease) = "hypnagogic images"
	+	* P-NV large down peaks or P-FV large up pekas = eye movement of focus to FV
	+	* orange arrows area = behaind the eyelids backnes in this cases rednes (focus to FV)
	+	* orange points P-FV up and P-NV up = other sense influence,thoughts,integration .. (need more research)
	+
	+	=== Pasive realx - morning ===
	+	{{http://brmlab.cz/_media/project/brain_hacking/relax_pasiv_morning.jpg}}
	+	*red dot = sneeze
	+	*pimk dots = large eye movements (also possibe focus to FV without the movement but less probable )
	+
	+	=== Active realx - focus to breath and heart beat ===
	+	{{http://brmlab.cz/_media/project/brain_hacking/relax_bereath_and_heart_beat_focus.jpg}}
	+	* evening 20:30
	+	* hard to focus
	+	* chaotic thoughts
	+	* cognitive overload (tetris effect)about 6h watching new TV serial , this increase base P-NV
	+	* P-NV higher than 3 after 15s (probably due the cognitive overload)
	+	* T 2,75 P-NV and P-FV decrease probaly due focus to other senses or thought
	+	* T pink line = auto eyes open , few times durring the session my eyes slightly open by themselves
	+	* T green line = dream scene , no loger flashes of image but scene (may be caused by visualization , automatic asociation about thought tema , or themselfs)
	+	visualized ones have higer P than asociation , asociation higher than automatic (in similar time in one session )
	+	* P-FV below 3 = very important moment mean physical vision is turn off and allow NV disinhibition
	+
	+	=== Active relax - focus to breath and heart beat - test 2 ===
	+	{{http://brmlab.cz/_media/project/brain_hacking/relax_bereath_and_heart_beat_focus_2.jpg}}
	+	* same day evening 22.00
	+	* more awake than in previous test but less images
	+	* P-NV higher than 3 after about 18s (probably due the cognitive overload)
	+	* T 0:18-0:45 asociation created images i remeber few names from serial
	+	* T 1:08 P-FV and P-FV go down probably because start focusing to breath and heart rate (probably increase of propriorecoption P )
	+	* T 4:45 P-FV uder 3
	+	* T 6:22 - 9:00 probably proprioreception effect
	+	* gereen line above T 12:30 active vizualization of flight on dragon (scene form serial) ,2 scenes before caused by mix of visualization nad asociation (more asociation)
	+
	+	=== Some test (second part of larger test unfinished )===
	+	* before drawing 12 min of relax and eye open
	+	* {{http://brmlab.cz/_media/project/brain_hacking/some_test.jpg}}
	+	* T around 1:45 green line = vizualization -) images
	+	* T around 2:00 yellow line = after vizualization automatic asociation nad scene with lower P
	+
	+
	+	=== Realx - Breath - morning ===
	+	* 9:30h
	+	{{http://brmlab.cz/_media/project/brain_hacking/relax_bereath_morning.jpg}}
	+	*shorter inter flash intreval than in other test (morning ?)
	+	*P-NV stabil larger than 3 1:40
	+	*P-FV below 3 : 5:00
	+	*T red line = behaind the eyelids blacknes in this cause redness in this sessoin cause problems (too much light in the room)
	+	*T 10-11 focus to FV redness
	+	*viz = active vizualization
	+
	+	=== EOG biofeedback ===
	+	*audio EOG SD1s amplitude(4,5uV+) to volume as feedback
	+	{{http://brmlab.cz/_media/project/brain_hacking/eog_biofeedback.jpg}}
	+
	+	=== Realx - guided 7min ===
	+	* guided relaxation
	+	{{http://brmlab.cz/_media/project/brain_hacking/7min_audio.jpg}}
	+	*FP physical proprioreception
	+	*P-FP allow distiguish between eye movement and focus without movement
	+	*T 10:45 - 11:30 increase of P-FP : focus to body ? cause P-FV go below 3 ? --) need more tests
	+
	+	TO DO --)increase vertical resolution and add more senses
	+
	+
	+
	+	==== 2.6 ====
	+	http://dreamscience.ca/en/documents/publications/_1995Nielsen_Reprint_D_5_75-94_hypnagogic_images.pdf
	+
	+	notes:
	+	*Fleeting vs Fully-Formed Hypnagogic Images.
	+	'fleeting' vs. 'fully-formed' images. These
	+	two image types are distinguishable by several qualities, including the following.
	+	* 1)
	+	Temporal. Fleeting images tend to occur during the first stages of a self-observa tion trial, before a fully-formed image has arisen.
	+	* 2)Duration.Fleeting images are brief; they appear and disappear in an instant, often they are not detectible during
	+	self-observation without a firmly established intent. Fully-formed images are more enduring and thus more easily observed and recalled.
	+	*3)Simplicity
	+	. Unlike a fully-formed hypnagogic image, a fleeting image may occur in only a single sensory modality. It may consist of nothing more
	+	than an isolated flash of visual scenery, a single fragment of spoken voice, or a brief moment of kinesthetic sensation. Fully-formed images may be comprised of
	+	all three modalities.
	+	*4)
	+	Ineffability
	+	. Because they are brief, simple and outside the range of most observers' waking and dreaming experiences, fleeting images may easily defy
	+	verbal description. Momentary kinesthetic sensations
	+	are particularly difficult to describe because there is a lack of a commonly accepted vocabulary for the domain of
	+	kinesthetic experience. Fully-formed images more nearly resemble nocturnal dreams and are similarly more amenable to description. To characterize the nature of fleeting images adequately, an observer must often advance either metaphoric discourse or completely novel terminology.
	+	*5)
	+	Association with sleep onset feelings. As shown
	+	in Table 2, fleeting images are often completely inseparable from subtle sleepiness feelings, as if the images were
	+	an integral part of sleepiness itself. Although sleep onset feelings may also accompany fully-formed images, in
	+	these cases they are often not obvious. Their ephemeral nature may be masked by the dramatic complexity of
	+	more fully-formed multimodal imagery
	+	<note>5)depend of used method </note>
	+	<note>my method use more phases of hypnagogic imaginery (in part : Image properties) </note>
	+	*Phasic neuromuscular events (NMEs) which regul
	+	arly accompany hypnagogic images, such as limb jerks,
	+	were found to be isomorphic with some imagery content. In Study 1 (fully-formed images), phasic NMEs were
	+	found to accompany 56.7% of images. In Study 2 (fleeting images), this proportion was only 16.7%. However,
	+	the proportions of phasic NME types for the two classes of
	+	imagery were strikingly similar: head tilts (61.5% v.
	+	56.4%), leg jerks (23.1% v. 23.1%), arm jerks (7.7% v.
	+	15.4%) and whole body jerks (7.7% v. 5.1%) respectively.
	+	It seems likely that many NMEs accompanying fleeting images
	+	were too subtle or transient to be detected by this
	+	self-observation technique, a possibility supported by physiological recordings, such as those in Study 3.
	+	* Although the duration of the pre-image interval was
	+	variable, the pattern of EEG changes was similar
	+	from image to image. These findings suggest that the production of hypnagogic imagery for this observer may
	+	have a more or less invariant underlying physiological pattern. The relationship of this pattern to that of the
	+	previously-described phenomenological events remains tobe clarified. However, it seems likely that the observed
	+	in EEG activity correspond to periods of activation and deactivation of hypnagogic imagery processes
	+	* In most cases, cessation of eye
	+	activity was followed by a diminution in alpha activity and EEG amplitude across most channels and an increase
	+	in the prevalence of other frequency bands.
	+
	+	{{http://brmlab.cz/_media/project/brain_hacking/fig1.jpg}}
	+	{{http://brmlab.cz/_media/project/brain_hacking/fig2.jpg}}
	+
	+	==== 4.6 ====
	+	Lucid Dream by use of multisensory integration NV scene H 2-3 stabilized by sense of touch in legs to H5.
	+	Some route in forest near water i look at feet and focus to sense of touch (to grass , groud)it takes bout 20s to stabilize to H5.LD have about 5 parts whn drem destabilize i stabilze it again sometimes i almoust lost sense of vison.
	+	* i have EEG recording form Fp1 and T5 somwhere in it is LD recorded
	+
	+	Recording:
	+	*CH1 Fp1 A1
	+	*CH2 T5 A1
	+	*GND A2
	+	{{http://brmlab.cz/_media/project/brain_hacking/fp1_10s.jpg}}
	+	{{http://brmlab.cz/_media/project/brain_hacking/T5_10s.jpg}}
	+	*relaxation on back
	+	*40 move head to right side (stil on back)
	+	*50 move to side
	+	*65 big change (62:40-65:00)
	+	*65-75 start of LD (not enought data and experinece to determine if start 65 or 75min) ,(automatic drawing show strat 65 but information show only NV without inromation about R and other importatnt to detemine LD)
	+
	+	Recording for Automatic drawing was turn OF i try reconstrut some inromation from memory but resutl gave many gaps and i doun tknou how reaiable it is .
	+
	+	Sleep spindle
	+	{{http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Stage2sleep.svg/300px-Stage2sleep.svg.png}}
	+	*Sleep spindles (sometimes referred to as "sigma bands" or "sigma waves") may represent periods where the brain is inhibiting processing to keep the sleeper in a tranquil state. Along with K-complexes they are defining characteristics of, and indicate the onset of, stage 2 sleep. They are often tapered at both ends and frequently seen over the frontal and central head regions. They may or may not be synchronous, but they should be symmetrical and bilateral.
	+	*During sleep these spindles are seen in the brain as a burst of activity immediately following muscle twitching.
	+	*The greatest spindle activity occurs at the beginning and the end of the non-REM portion of the sleep cycle.
	+	* There are also slow spindles in the range of 11 - 13 Hz that are also associated with increased activity in the superior frontal gyrus, and fast spindles in the range of 13 - 15 Hz that are associated with recruitment of sensorimotor processing cortical regions, as well as recruitment of the mesial frontal cortex and hippocampus. What do these spindles mean? Ongoing research hopes to illuminate their function.
	+	*Recent research by Matthew Walker and his research team at the University of California Berkley shows that sleep spindles are associated with refreshment of our ability to learn. This research showed that the greater the number of sleep spindles produced by napping participants, the more they were refreshed to perform on a learning task. Further, the brain areas most involved were the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex. These are areas that are critical for learning.
	+	*The incidence of spindles is reported to peak at a frequency of 0.2-0.3 Hz
	+	*The incidence of spindles has considerable variance (1±40 s inter-spindle intervals in humans). Also variable is their topographic prevalence in the brain, their time of appearance in sleep stages, their association to other EEG landmarks (like K-complexes) and their dependence on drugs. All these suggest that spindles do not constitute a unique and/or uniform phenomenon.
	+	*The association of spindles the slow cortical oscillation (~0.75 Hz) [12] is proposed to be causative in the sense that this oscillation which is supposedly generated within neocortical networks, synchronizes neuronal activity into generalized down-states (hyperpolarization) of global neuronal silence and subsequent up-states (depolarization) of increased wake-like neuronal firing. With the beginning of the latter cortico-thalamic volleys are proposed to drive the generation of spindle activity.
	+	*Such a strong and synchronous input may discharge reticular cells directly or indirectly and thus could serve as the initiator of sleep spindles [2]). In a recent study the incidence of spindles immediately following K-complexes was between 65-70%
	+	*However in this study neither the probability of appearance nor the power of spindles correlated to the amplitude or any other feature of the K-complexes that preceded them. When K-complexes appeared spontaneously after the start of a sporadic spindle, the spindles were invariably shut down for the duration of the K-complex, usually being replaced by a short lived oscillation in the high theta frequency band. Also the spindles appearing immediately after a K-complex had invariably faster spectral frequency than the sporadic spindles. Such findings suggest that the association of K-complexes with spindles is strong but may be due to a common trigger rather than a causative interaction.
	+	*Animal and human studies show that spindles are sleep maintaining events [65-66] that block the transfer of sensory information to the cerebral cortex during sleep [64], thus preventing sleep-interrupting arousals.
	+	*While TC neurons are hyperpolarized and engaged in this bursting mode, sensory afferents are expectedly prevented from reaching the cortex, resulting in almost complete deafferentation, except for very strong or alarming stimuli [65].
	+	*The recent observation (described in 2.2.) that spindles are invariably shut down for the duration of the K-complex and they appear right after at increased spectral frequency [71] support a role of spindles in preventing stimuli (which triggered the K-complex) to reach consciousness.
	+	*Anesthetics lead also to loss of consciousness - in the sense of turning the subjects oblivious to their environment - with different mechanisms depending on the drug used. One mechanism they partly share with natural sleep is apparently the production of spindles in a similar way, as several anesthetics hyperpolarize TC neurons (by activating 2PK channels and/or by potentiating GABA receptors) and halothane induced spindles are antagonized when carbachol is injected into the pontine reticular formation [74]. Spindling then causes a decorrelation between sensory input to TC neurons and these neurons’ output to the cortex, thus contributing to the loss of consciousness.
	+	*http://www.intechopen.com/books/advances-in-clinical-neurophysiology/sleep-spindles-as-a-biomarker-of-brain-function-and-plasticity
	+
	+
	+	K complexes
	+	*are large waves that stand out from the background and often occur in response to environmental stimuli such as sounds in the bedroom.

Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2013-06-11T13:07:38+00:00

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	+	====== Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation ======
	+	<note important>WARNING: Cause neuronal modulation in path of current with unknown effect</note>
	+	<note important>Preliminary safety: Only short term test about 5 min (to avoid after stimulation neuromodulation,based on tDCS research)
	+	,Max current 3mA </note>
	+	*not ment for long term usage (unknown risk of undisaired neuromodulation)
	+	<note>note: reduce risk by use unilateral stimulation </note>
	+	<note>idea: use 4x1 configuraion like in tDCS</note>
	+
	+
	+
	+
	+	mastoid:
	+
	+	{{http://www.eccentricgenius.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/mastoidprocess.jpg}}
	+
	+	info:
	+
	+	http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/96/6/2301
	+
	+	http://jn.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/85/2/886
	+
	+	http://jn.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/96/2/925
	+
	+	http://jn.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/95/5/3199
	+
	+	http://www.eccentricgenius.com/wp/2006/05/17/bipolar-binaural-galvanic-vestibular-stimulation/
	+
	+	http://jp.physoc.org/content/551/3/1033.full
	+
	+	http://juwel.fz-juelich.de:8080/dspace/bitstream/2128/2536/1
	+
	+	http://books.google.cz/books?id=-Nl2oMfwTOUC&pg=PA74&lpg=PA74&dq=vestibular+system+discharge+rate+spikes&source=bl&ots=IqZU4ArtuF&sig=rKQxyFcEw0_P9EJtVNEi5WMlBWU&hl=cs&sa=X&ei=zNW2UYXqK42f7AaH-YD4Bg&ved=0CGUQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=vestibular%20system%20discharge%20rate%20spikes&f=false
	+
	+	http://books.google.cz/books?id=sGhzMnst1j8C&pg=PA70&lpg=PA70&dq=vestibular+system+discharge+rate+spikes&source=bl&ots=hBDOqTtwl7&sig=HF6gQVfkeSRmLARa5xHfcFYtCnU&hl=cs&sa=X&ei=zNW2UYXqK42f7AaH-YD4Bg&ved=0CFAQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=vestibular%20system%20discharge%20rate%20spikes&f=false
	+
	+
	+	====== Notes ======
	+	{{http://livedoor.blogimg.jp/lunarmodule7/imgs/a/3/a3bf3454.png}}
	+
	+	*from: http://jap.physiology.org/content/96/6/2301.full
	+	* falling towards the side of the cathode
	+	* The stimulus is most commonly delivered with an anodal electrode on the mastoid process behind one ear and a cathodal electrode behind the other ear, i.e., bilateral bipolar GVS. However, other configurations are bilateral monopolar GVS with electrodes of the same polarity at both ears and a distant reference electrode and unilateral monopolar GVS with a stimulating electrode at just one ear. When the small current flows for 1 or 2 s, it causes a person to sway if they are standing or perceive illusory movements if they are not. The simplicity of the technique, however, belies the complexity of the body response it evokes.
	+	<note>idea: its posiible electrode configuration for diffrent akceleraion axis? </note>
	+	*Discharge rates. In all species studied, the vestibular primary afferent neurons, which innervate the cristae and maculae, discharge spontaneously at rest when no stimulus is applied. This means that, with rate coding, a neuron can respond to accelerations in both directions. (90–115 s-1 in macaque monkeys)
	+	*Sensitivity. Afferent firing rates increase or decrease depending on amplitude and direction of an imposed acceleration. For the squirrel monkey, this dynamic range is 0–300 s-1 at about the 65–90 s-1 resting discharge rate, with an average gain or sensitivity of 2 s-1 per deg·s-2 for the semicircular canals and 33 s-1/g for the otolith organs (27, 40). On average, irregular neurons have slightly lower tonic rates than regular neurons but are more sensitive to acceleration stimuli and have shorter refractory periods than regular neurons. The response of regular units is predominantly tonic; that of irregular units tends to be more phasic. Responses are greater for excitatory than for inhibitory stimuli, particularly for irregular units. As might be expected in a system where a continuous discharge is modulated, there does not appear to be a threshold value in these responses; they are continuous about the resting values. Adaptation in the primary afferents with a sustained acceleration stimulus is mixed. In some units, adaptation is clear, particularly to inhibitory stimuli, whereas many units show no adaptation. Adaptations of behavioral responses, such as the vestibuloocular reflex, are greater than adaptations seen in the afferent or vestibular nuclei, implying that much of the adaptation occurs further down the reflex pathways (14).
	+	<note>idea: simulation of neuronal discharge by pulsed DC ,posible probelem is needed field intensity </note>
	+	* GVS can be considered to modulate the hyperpolarization of the neuroepithelia of the cristae and maculae.
	+	* GVS will alter the firing pattern of canal afferents in a way that has no natural rotational equivalent. Cathodal GVS will increase the firing rate of all responsive afferents, regardless of their direction specificity. Thus, for the horizontal canal, this would signify a natural yaw with the nose moving toward the ipsilateral, or cathodal, side (Fig. 1, left horizontal canal). The same increased firing induced by cathodal GVS in afferents of the anterior and posterior canals will signify ipsilateral ear-down roll, and the signals from both canals should add (Fig. 1, left of roll; the canals overlap in this view). Because they are aligned at 45 deg to the sagittal axis of the skull, the anterior canal will also indicate nose-down pitch and the posterior canal a similar nose-up pitch (Fig. 1, left of pitch). These opposing signals have no natural equivalent and should cancel because they are equal in size and opposite in direction. Thus, considering all three canals, the pattern of afferent discharge evoked by GVS will signal rotation with yaw and roll components relative to the plane of the vestibular apparatus. Furthermore, the roll component should be larger than the yaw component because of the vector addition of signals from both vertical canals.
	+	<note>idea of 3D akcelaration probalbly dont work </note>
	+	<note>idea:different head start position </note>
	+	*To complicate matters, the canals are not aligned in the plane of the head and are not quite orthogonal so they will not add and cancel quite as neatly as this model suggests. The entire canal structure tilts backward by ∼30 deg from the head horizontally, and this gives the horizontal canals a roll component at the expense of yaw. The vertical canals develop a yaw component at the expense of roll, while maintaining sensitivity to the pitch component. Fortunately, however, we can calculate the vector for each canal because their planar relationships relative to Reid's stereotactic line (inferior orbital rim to auditory canal) have been accurately measured
	+	{{http://jap.physiology.org/content/96/6/2301/F2.medium.gif}}
	+	*Fig. 2.
	+	Vector summation of semicircular canal responses to GVS. Vectors of unit amplitude are plotted orthogonal to the plane of each canal (a, p, and h), referenced to Reid's stereotactic plane (broken line). Lateral and vertical components are in the front view; sagittal and vertical components are in the lateral view. The resultant vectors (r) for each labyrinthus are shown as white arrows. The vector sums of the resultants from each side are the large white arrows (L+R), and the curved arrow shows the right-hand rule representation of the vector direction. A: Bilateral bipolar GVS, anode right. The canal vectors are superimposed in the lateral view. GVS vectors sum to produce a large roll component and a yaw component. The pitch components cancel. B: bilateral unipolar GVS, anodal. The canal vectors are in opposite direction in the lateral view. GVS vectors in roll and yaw cancel, leaving a small residual pitch vector, directed backward for anodal current. C: three-dimensional sketch of the right anodal GVS vectors for each canal, to assist orientation. *See text for explanation.
	+	*{{http://jap.physiology.org/content/96/6/2301/F4.medium.gif}}
	+	*Fig. 4.
	+	Summation of the lateral components of utricular signals. The utricular maculae with the head for orientation are shown. A: with the head stationary and level, all afferents will maintain their tonic discharge (dot density). Thus the pars lateralis and pars medialis produce acceleration signals in opposite directions, indicated by the white and gray arrows respectively. Because pars lateralis is slightly larger than pars medialis, the net signal from the utricular macula will be a small lateral acceleration. However, the signal from the contralateral macula cancels this, resulting in a net acceleration signal of zero (S0). B: when exposed to a lateral acceleration toward the right, or tilt to the left, the discharge from the left pars medialis and the right pars lateralis increases and that of the left pars lateralis and right pars medialis decreases. Thus both sides sum to produce the large net acceleration signal (SA). C: on the left, anodal GVS decreases the firing rate of the pars medialis and the pars lateralis afferents. Cathodal GVS on the right increases the firing of the entire population. On each side of the head, the signals almost cancel. Only the small size discrepancy between the pars medialis and pars lateralis populations results in a small net acceleration signal (SG).
	+	*http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1239&context=theses
	+	*Types of Stimulation
	+	Yaw, pitch, and roll sensations are
	+	generated through different galvanic
	+	vestibular stimulation techniques. Uni
	+	polar, bilateral bipol
	+	ar, and bilateral
	+	unipolar stimulation are common configura
	+	tions for generating sensations [8].
	+	Figure 5shows a sample diagram of the el
	+	ectrode configuration used at the Mayo
	+	Clinic and in our experiments to gene
	+	rate orientation sensations. The five
	+	electrodes use a combination of unipolar,
	+	bilateral bipolar, and bilateral unipolar
	+	stimulation to generate the orientation se
	+	nsations. Each electrode with a number
	+	can be individually stimulated in refe
	+	rence to the common (COM) electrode.
	+	*pic page 18
	+
	+	=== 3D with 2 electrodes ===
	+
	+	* imposible with DC modulate all afference at once
	+	* pulsed DC with rate of neuronal discharge
	+
	+	<note>Promising result of unipolar bilateral stimulation with half synus (diode in output) at frequenci range 115-125 HZ witch case different vestibular senstation </note>
	+	*more test neaded
	+
	+	* Basic dicharge rate ?
	+	* Have channels different discharge rate ?
	+	* How accleration effect discharge rate?
	+
	+	* A normal resting discharge rate of approximately 90 spikes per second is modulated, such that increase of this rate corresponds with an excitation and decrease with Inhibition.
	+	* The discharge rate increases in the leading right ear (e.g. from 90 to 300 spikes per second).8. The discharge rate decreases in the following left ear (e.g. from 90 to 20 spikes per second).
	+	* The vestibular nuclei interpret the difference in discharge rates between left and right SCC as movement to the right, and therefore trigger the oculomotor nuclei to drive the eyes to the left to maintain gaze stabilization.
	+	* regular and iregular spacing
	+	* rates are lower for otolith
	+	* iregular have lower rates
	+	* discharge regularity is specific for each afferent
	+	* 0,4 spike/s 1 deg/s
	+
	+
	+
	+
	+	===== Planned usage : =====
	+
	+	== Remote control human ==
	+
	+	controls the direction of human bipedal movement * DONE**
	+	* + akcelerometer - balance for alcohilc Only idea i dount need this
	+	*
	+	http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=guaiDZdsDjI
	+
	+	http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OlXYqfQHNuA
	+
	+	http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tCLsAgPuumw
	+
	+	== Feel the music == PARTIALY DONE
	+	*When the stimulation is synchronized to musical rhythms, the device provides a very amazing experience. Especially when stimulation is at a high frequency (more than 1~2 Hz), users feel as if their visual fields and bodies are tremblingly along with the rhythm.
	+	unipolar bilateral test DONE*
	+	*effect it not so strog bud feilable
	+
	+	== Neuromodulation ==
	+
	+	==Induction of Out of body experience ==
	+	*angular and linear akceleration based ilusion
	+	*research for OOBE aplication
	+
	+	== Games ==
	+	*problem with long term usage of bilateral montage
	+
	+

Kolik máme vastně smyslů + pár zajímavostí o nich

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2011-10-08T17:58:57+00:00

1318096716	current
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	+	====== Kolik máme vastně smyslů + pár zajímavostí o nich ======
	+	<note important>work in progress</note>
	+
	+	Podívat se podrobněji na tuto otázku mě přiměl výzkum okolo Lucidních snů , kde bylo potřeba vyřešit tyto otázky:
	+	*Co vše tvoří datový tok z fyzického těla ,tvořící obraz těla ?
	+	*Které z nich jsou pro obraz těla a pro metody na LD nejdůležitější?
	+	*Jak je co nejvíce potlačit ,případně obraz těla desintegrovtat?
	+
	+	První krok bylo zjistit kolik těch smyslů vlastně je.Přesnej počet ode mne nečekejte ono totiž strašně záleži jak se ta otázka položí -o přesně bereme jako smysl.Tak jako tak rozhodně je jich více než 5.Při hledání sem narazil i na pár zajímavostí.
	+
	+	===== Termorecepce =====
	+	Vnímání teploty a jejich změn prostřednictvím termoreceptorů (vlastních teplotních receptorů) a nociceptorů (receptory pro bolest).
	+
	+	====Rozdělení====
	+	*vnímání tepla
	+	* nemyelizovaná vlákna C
	+	* pomalu vedou impulsy (0,5-1,4 m/sec)
	+	* teplota v rozmezí 25 - 40°C.
	+
	+	*chladu
	+	*nemyelizovaná vlákna C a slabě myelinizovaná vlákna A delta.
	+	*A delta rychlejší přenos(7-14m/s)
	+	*Some cold receptors also respond with a brief action potential discharge to high temperatures, i.e. typically above 45°C, and this is known as a paradoxical response to heat.
	+
	+	*Nociceptory (nervová vlákna typů Aδ a C) vnímáme teploty v oblastech <10°C a >45°C jako bolest.
	+
	+	====Umístění====
	+	*kůže (as cutaneous receptors)
	+	*cornea
	+	*In the cornea cold receptors are thought to respond with an increase in firing rate to cooling produced by evaporation of lacrimal fluid 'tears' and thereby to elicit a reflex blink.
	+	*močový měchýř
	+	*neurony v preoptickém a hypothalamickém regionu
	+	*jazyk
	+	*spekuluje se o tom že muže modulovat chut
	+
	+	TRPM8 10-35°C
	+
	+	Capsaicin (a TRPV1 agonist)
	+	menthol (a TRPM8 agonist)
	+	icilin (a TRPM8 and TRPA1 agonist)
	+
	+	====Transient receptor potential channels====
	+	TRP channels are the vanguard of our sensory systems, responding to temperature, touch, pain, osmolarity, pheromones, taste and
	+	other stimuli. But their role is much broader than classical sensory transduction. They are an ancient sensory apparatus for the cell,
	+	not just the multicellular organism, and they have been adapted to respond to all manner of stimuli, from both within and outside
	+	the cell.
	+
	+	Transient receptor potential channels (TRP channels) are a group of ion channels located mostly on the plasma membrane of numerous human and animal cell types. There are about 28 TRP channels that share some structural similarity to each other.[1] These are grouped into two broad groups: group 1 includes, TRPC ( "C" for canonical), TRPV ("V" for vanilloid), TRPM ("M" for melastatin), TRPN and TRPA. In group 2 there are TRPP ("P" for polycystic) and TRPML ("ML" for mucolipin). Many of these channels mediate a variety of sensations like the sensations of pain, hotness, warmth or coldness, different kinds of tastes, pressure, and vision. In the body, some TRP channels are thought to behave like microscopic thermometers and used in animals to sense hot or cold. Some TRP channels activated by molecules found in spices like garlic (allicin), chilli pepper (capsaicin), wasabi (allyl isothiocyanate); others are activated by menthol, camphor, peppermint, and cooling agents; yet others are activated by molecules (THC, CBD and CBN) found in marijuana. Some act as sensors of osmotic pressure, volume, stretch, and vibration.
	+
	+	https://medschool.mc.vanderbilt.edu/channels.transporters2005/text/Clapham_Nature_TRP_review.pdf
	+
	+	http://clapham.tch.harvard.edu/publications/pdf/%20IUPHAR%20REVIEW.pdf
	+
	+	http://www.mdc-berlin.de/en/research/research_teams/temperature_detection_and_thermoregulation/Research/Research_Project_3/index.html
	+
	+	===== Propriorecepce =====
	+
	+	=====Čich=====
	+
	+	=====Sluch=====
	+
	+	=====Chut=====
	+
	+	=====Chemorecepce=====

Induction of lucid dreaming by anodal transcranial direct-current stimulation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in REM sleep.

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2013-02-26T15:26:06+00:00

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	+	====== Induction of lucid dreaming by anodal transcranial direct-current stimulation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in REM sleep. ======
	+
	+
	+	L-DLPFC activation in Lucid dream / non lucid REM sleep
	+
	+
	+	{{http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2737577/bin/aasm.32.9.1191d.jpg}}
	+
	+
	+
	+
	+
	+	Detection of REM sleep
	+
	+	{{http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_IwgfwdBQlpw/StLWb57nFOI/AAAAAAAAAkw/rf4FdQhIAKk/s1600/sleep%2Bstages3.jpg }}
	+
	+
	+
	+	Lucid Dreaming: A State of Consciousness with Features of Both Waking and Non-Lucid Dreaming
	+
	+	http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2737577/
	+
	+
	+	Transcranial Electrical Currents to Probe EEG Brain Rhythms and Memory Consolidation during Sleep in Humans
	+
	+	http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0016905
	+
	+	New perspectives for the study of lucid dreaming: From brain stimulation to philosophical theories of self-consciousness
	+
	+	http://www.philosophie.uni-mainz.de/Dateien/noreika_et_al_-_new_perspectives.pdf
	+
	+
	+	Transcranial cortex stimulation as a novel
	+	approach for probing the neurobiology of dreams: Clinical and neuroethical implications
	+	http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/ojs/index.php/IJoDR/article/download/593/pdf_16
	+
	+
	+	Induction of visual dream reports after transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCs) during Stage 2 sleep
	+	http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2011.00994.x/abstract?userIsAuthenticated=false&deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=
	+	in abstract is very little info i need full article (if anyone have acces to it please send )
	+
	+
	+	http://registration.akm.ch/einsicht.php?XNABSTRACT_ID=157738&XNSPRACHE_ID=2&XNKONGRESS_ID=167&XNMASKEN_ID=900

Lucid Dreaming Project

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2011-10-08T09:05:35+00:00

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	+	====== Lucid Dreaming Project ======
	+	{{http://www.luciddreaming.wz.cz/index_soubory/image002.jpg}}
	+	{{http://datasolutionsresearch.com/user/Work%20in%20Progress.JPG}}
	+	====Lucidní sny====
	+	Lucidní sny jsou typem snů, během nichž si uvědomujeme že sníme.Právě tímto uvědomenim se lucidní sny liší od snů bežných.
	+	Užívá se pro ne zkrataka LD ( z anaglického Lucid Dream )

	+	====Cíle====
	+	*napsat návod na dosáhnutí Lucidních snů
	+	*vysvětlení fungování metod v něm obsažených z více pohledů (esoterický,vědecký,psychologický..)
	+	*testování metod jak subjektivně tak okjektivně -více v části : Testing and inveting methods for Lucid dreaming
	+
	+	====Zdroje informací====
	+	*Z velké části jsou to moje vlastní zkušenosti o LD se zajímám asi 8let a měl sem jich už přes 1000.
	+	Posledních pár let jsem se vice zaměřil na to jak a proč to vlastně celé funguje.
	+	*ruzná fora a zkušenosti kamarádů
	+	*vědecké výzkumy
	+
	+	====Návod====
	+	Odkazy zatím vedou na forum kde to sepisuji finální verze se pak muže přesunout sem na wiki.
	+	Jen bych chtěl upozornit že návod obsahuje i ruzné magické a esoterické techniky a pohledy
	+	u většiny mam odzkoušené že fungují i když z vědeckého hlediska netuším jak a které současnému vědeckému pohledu dost odporují.
	+	Prostě pokud to funguje tak to používám i kdyby to mělo být jen placebo,také kvůli tomu tu pak bude část na testovaní metod .
	+
	+
	+	====Seznam částí:====
	+	Co je to LD
	+
	+	Základní druhy LD
	+	*DILD
	+	*WILD
	+	*WBTB
	+	Fáze spánku
	+
	+	Základní metody na DILD
	+	*[[http://forum.astralni-cestovani.org/viewtopic.php?f=8&t=1039#p10205\|Testy reality]]
	+
	+	Základní metody na WILD
	+	*[[http://forum.astralni-cestovani.org/viewtopic.php?f=8&t=1039#p10086\|Pozice těla při cvičení ]]
	+	*[[http://forum.astralni-cestovani.org/viewtopic.php?f=8&t=1039#p10202\|Jak uspat tělo]]
	+	*[[http://forum.astralni-cestovani.org/viewtopic.php?f=8&t=1039#p10222\|Fyzické oči]]
	+
	+	[[http://forum.astralni-cestovani.org/viewtopic.php?f=8&t=1039#p10234\|Falešné probuzení]]
	+
	+
	+
	+
	+

TRANSCEREBRAL STIMULTION BY WEAK COMPLEX MAGNETIC FIELDS

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2011-10-07T14:31:58+00:00

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	+	====== TRANSCEREBRAL STIMULTION BY WEAK COMPLEX MAGNETIC FIELDS ======
	+	based od Dr. Persinger's research
	+
	+	{{http://listverse.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/god-helmet225.jpg}}
	+
	+	Dr. Persinger's God Helmet
	+	{{youtube>8YPOTaUyvA0?medium}}
	+
	+
	+	Michael Shermer Out of Body Experiment
	+	{{youtube>nCVzz96zKA0?medium}}
	+
	+	Dr. Michael Persinger 1994
	+	{{youtube>6lpyinT-Usc?medium}}
	+
	+	TST - tectonic strain theory
	+	http://zzk.mkolar.org/le99/ri26.html
	+
	+	Dr.Micheal Persinger interview 1
	+	{{youtube>WECRbV1kK-4?medium}}
	+
	+	SHAKTI technology
	+	http://www.shaktitechnology.com/winshakti/index.htm
	+
	+	==== Signals ====
	+
	+	Amygdala
	+	{{http://img4.rajce.idnes.cz/d0402/3/3155/3155320_1f6874be103198637ea6e02eeb5e1fd9/images/amygdala_new.jpg}}
	+	Chirp
	+	{{http://img4.rajce.idnes.cz/d0402/3/3155/3155320_1f6874be103198637ea6e02eeb5e1fd9/images/chirp.JPG}}
	+	LTP
	+	{{http://img4.rajce.idnes.cz/d0402/3/3155/3155320_1f6874be103198637ea6e02eeb5e1fd9/images/hypLTP.JPG}}
	+
	+
	+
	+
	+
	+

Project: NEURALIZER

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2012-09-29T20:43:44+00:00

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	+	====== Project: NEURALIZER ======
	+	{{http://media.tumblr.com/tumblr_m560ubNTEW1qcd31o.jpg}}
	+
	+	===== Final goal: =====
	+	* specific memory modification ,errasing
	+
	+	===== Planned usage: =====
	+	* post traimatic stress disorder, phobia
	+
	+	===== Progress: =====
	+	* studing basic info
	+
	+	===== Metods: =====
	+
	+	===== Testing: =====
	+	*EEG,EKG,GSR
	+
	+
	+	===== Notes: =====
	+	{{youtube>Mu59KU2RyYs?medium}}
	+
	+	====PKMζ====
	+	source:[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_kinase_M_zeta/Protein_kinase_C_zeta]]
	+
	+	PKMζ is thought to be responsible for maintaining the late phase of long-term potentiation (LTP).[3][4][5] This theory arose from the observation that PKMζ perfused post synaptically into neurons causes synaptic potentiation, and selective inhibitors of PKMζ, when bath applied one hour after tetanization, inhibit the late phase or maintenance of LTP. Thus PKMζ is both necessary and sufficient for maintaining LTP. Subsequent work showed that inhibiting PKMζ reversed LTP maintenance when applied up to 5 hours after LTP was induced in hippocampal slices, and after 22 hours in vivo. Inhibiting PKMζ in behaving animals erased spatial long-term memories in the hippocampus that were up to one month old, without affecting spatial short-term memories,[5] and erased long-term memories for fear conditioning and inhibitory avoidance in the basolateral amygdala.[6] In the neocortex, thought to be the site of storage for most long-term memories, PKMζ inhibition erased associative memories for conditioned taste aversion in the insular cortex, up to 3 months after training.[7][8] The protein also seems to be involved, through the nucleus accumbens, in the consolidation and reconsolidation of the memory related to drug addiction.[9]PKMζ is thus the first molecule shown to be a component of the storage mechanism of long-term memory.
	+
	+	Recent research has demonstrated alteration in PKMζ in Alzheimer's disease (see Long-term potentiation), providing a potential link between this kinase and neurodegeneration.[10]
	+	* to do: look to links
	+
	+	source:[[http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/tag/pkmzeta/]]
	+
	+	*PKMzeta strengthen memories
	+	* its pausible disrupted all sorts of memories by blocking PKMzeta, from old fears to motor skills to the location of objects.
	+	*note :how to make it specific without invasive techniqes ? reconsolidation window?
	+	* This time, a few days before their training, she infected the rats’ brains with viruses carrying PKMzeta. With extra copies of the protein at hand, the rats were more likely to remember their distaste for sweetener. Even if Shema injected the viruses a week after the rats’ training, when their aversion to the sweetener had started to fade, the extra PKMzeta enhanced their dulled memories.
	+	*note:
	+	*probably non specific
	+	*use in Alzheimer's disease?
	+	*problem with use viruses ?
	+	*more safe way of increasing PKMzeta ?
	+	*The viruses apparently weren’t just flooding the brain with PKMzeta, indiscriminately strengthening all the nearby synapses. Instead, the extra protein appears to have ended up in some synapses but not others. “This in a sense is just as remarkable,” says Sacktor. “You put in more of it and you don’t screw up the whole system. PKMzeta somehow knows how to fit into the memories that are already there.” Sacktor thinks that PKMzeta is drawn to itself. It somehow ends up in the right places and strengthens connections that have already been tagged by existing PKMzeta.
	+	*note: ? find more info
	+
	+	soure:[[http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2011/03/03/exposing-the-memory-engine-the-story-of-pkmzeta/]]
	+	* Even long-term memories are constantly on the verge of being erased. To keep them stable, we need to continually recreate a protein called PKMzeta. This molecule is the engine of memory, constantly whirring to store information in our brains. Give the engine a boost, and old memories gain a new lease on life. Switch it off, and we forget things…. permanently.
	+	* When we learn new things, PKMzeta shows up at the gaps between neurons (synapses) and boosts the signals that go across them. This strengthens the connections between the neurons on either side, and this network of bolstered connections is the physical embodiment of our memories. “
	+	* Scientists had found many molecules that were important for creating long-term memories, but not for storing them. Once memories were stable, you could knock out these molecules to little effect.
	+	* If you can erase or boost old memories by tweaking a single protein, then memories can’t be stored just by growing new synapses. Instead, Sacktor thinks that we store new memories by increasing the strength of synapses rather than their number, like towns that add extra lanes to the roads between them, rather than building new ones. “It’s a real revolutionary change in how neuroscientists have thought about memory,”
	+	* As memories are formed, synapses are busy places. The gene that provides instructions for making PKMzeta is always on, but in most neurons, there’s a blockade that prevents these instructions from being followed. It takes a large committee of signalling molecules to lift the blockade, start the production of PKMzeta, and ignite the memory engine.
	+
	+	Once it’s made, PKMzeta probably only lasts for a matter of days. So our synapses need to constantly replenish their supply of this protein, if we’re to keep stable long-term memories. Fortunately, a series of looping chemical reactions ensures that once neurons continue producing PKMzeta, they don’t stop. Once the memory engine starts whirring, it can carry on indefinitely. If the experiments with rats are a guide to what’s happening in people, “PKMzeta is staying in the same synapse probably for decades,” says Sacktor. “It’s not the same molecule but the population is being maintained at a high level for maybe a hundred years.”
	+
	+	PKMzeta works by increasing the levels of AMPAR, a protein that sits at synapses and allows fast signals to travel across them. Normally, AMPAR is caught in a tug-of-war between proteins that try to drag it towards the synapse and others that drag it away. PKMzeta swings the battle in favour of the former group. When it’s around, AMPAR moves towards the synapse in great numbers. Each arrival strengthens the synapse.
	+
	+	This is a constant battle. Other proteins are always trying to drive AMPAR away from the synapse, so PKMzeta has to fight to keep it there. This is why it’s so easy to erase memories with ZIP. If you get rid of PKMzeta, the tide of battle turns, AMPAR is driven away, the synapse weakens, and memories are forgotten.
	+
	+	*It’s also universal to different types of memory. By using ZIP, Sacktor and others have managed to erase all sorts of long-term memories, from fears to locations to physical skills. “It applies to all parts of the brain that store different types of memory like the hippocampus that stores place information, or the amydgala that stores fear memories, or motor memories in the motor strip,” says Sacktor. “They’re all using PKMzeta.”
	+	*note: this may be problem to figured out noninvasive specific targeting
	+
	+	*When we remember something, our memories once again enter a fragile state when they can be edited or overwritten – is this because PKMzeta must be destroyed and created afresh? How does newly formed PKMzeta manage to find synapses that are already tagged with this protein? What stops all the neurons in our brain from becoming saturated with PKMzeta? How does sleep affect the levels of PKMzeta at synapses? And does the memory engine start having problems as we grow older?
	+
	+	source:[[http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2011/03/03/todd-sacktor-talks-about-the-memory-engine/]]
	+	by injecting an inhibitor of PKMzeta called ZIP* into the brains of lab rats. That erased the memories that were stored in that part of the brain, even for learning that had happened months before and even for really strong memories.
	+	*consolidation of memory – the transition from short to long-term memory. That’s not just one molecule, it’s hundreds, with many parts of the brain working in concert. There’s a transition period for an hour or two after you learn something when it’s not consolidated and when it’s easy to prevent it from doing so. Adding the modern view from our research onto this, we’d say that it’s easy to prevent the synthesis of PKMzeta, but once you make it, the memories become consolidated at specific synapses.
	+	*It’s likely that the reconsolidation is blocking the resynthesis of PKMzeta.
	+
	+
	+	====Reconsolidation window ====
	+	source:[[http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2011/01/26/an-injection-and-a-nap-two-ways-of-strengthening-memories/]]
	+	*Until you save the file, there’s a chance that you could lose the information. This vulnerable window can last for a couple of days. Only after that point does the memory become strong and long-lasting. This is called ‘consolidation’.
	+	It’s not a permanent state. Whenever we remember something, the fragile window reopens. Again, it’s more like opening a computer document than getting notes out of a drawer. You could easily add, edit or delete information at a flick of a key. Every time we bring back an old memory, we run the risk of changing it. Again, it takes a while for this window of opportunity to close, for the reactivated memory to strengthen once more. This is called ‘reconsolidation’.
	+
	+	source:[[http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2009/12/09/rewriting-fearful-memories-by-bringing-them-back-to-mind/]]
	+	notes :
	+	* best in extinction after 10 min (10min,6h,no) = Reconsolidation window is longer then 10 min -) find whre in window is effct of rewriting srongest
	+	* reconsolidation is target specific
	+	* try AVS target specific + extinction ,will have stronger effct neutral or positive stimul in extinction ?
	+	* only promising drug, the beta-blocker propanolol ( By giving propanolol to people before they recalled a scary spider memory, Kindt could erase the fearful response it triggered. )
	+
	+	====Propanolol====
	+	source:[[http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2009/02/16/beta-blocker-drug-erases-the-emotion-of-fearful-memories/]]
	+	*propranolol, commonly used to treat high blood pressure and prevent migraines in children
	+	*40 milligrams of propranol about 90 minutes before they were tested again. The others were given a placebo, but both groups reacted in the same way. Both of them could remember the fearful nature of the spider visuals, showing that the drug didn’t affect their ability to recall their old memory.
	+	Two days later, and things were very different. Now, Kindt found that the while the volunteers on the placebo still feared the spiders, those who had been given propranolol no longer did. In fact, they were as difficult to startle as volunteers who had been conditioned in the first place. The drug had completely eliminated their fear response.
	+	*Propranolol does nothing on its own – it can’t exile fearful responses unless they are brought to the surface again. But once they are, the drug’s effects are quick and dramatic – just one reactivation under the influence of propranolol completely eliminated the response. However the volunteers still expected a shock when they saw the spidery images. They remembered that the pain of electricity would normally follow the sight of a spider – they just had no emotional reaction to that knowledge.
	+	*effect is amygdala specific
	+
	+	====CREB====
	+	source:[[http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2009/03/12/erasing-a-memory-reveals-the-neurons-that-encode-it/]]
	+	*Han’s found that a protein called CREB is a molecular beacon that singles out neurons involved in remembering fearful experiences. When a rat experiences something scary, the CREB-neurons in a part of its brain called the amygdala are responsible for storing that memory – for producing what neuroscientists call its “trace”. When Han killed the amygdala’s CREB-neurons, he triggered selective amnesia in the rats, abolishing the specific fears they had been trained to feel. The memory loss was permanent.
	+	*Previously, Han showed that neurons in the amygdala are recruited to form part of a new memory trace depending on how much CREB they have. He bolstered the amount of this vital protein in a small group of neurons and found that, compared to their normal neighbours, these CREB-enhanced cells were three times more likely to be activated when he trained rats to fear a musical tone. Neurons that lacked CREB altogether were 12 times less likely to be activated when rats learned to be scared.
	+

Mind programing

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2013-12-23T15:50:03+00:00

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	+	{{http://image.spreadshirt.com/image-server/v1/designs/12082719,width=190,height=190/Warning-May-Cause-Brain-Damage-T-shirt.png}}
	+	====== Mind programing ======
	+
	+	Testování možností porgramování mysli pomocí záměru (autosugesce)
	+
	+	Par predbežnejch testu ukázalo že existuje možnost vědomě měnit sposutu "nastavéní" v mysli/mozku.
	+	A dokonce se dá i programovat stejně jako PC . Zakladní problém je zde programovací jazyk testy ukázaly že běžná řeč na to není idealní protože vyznamy slov nejsou přesne určené.Pokud se funkce přesně definuje tak to funguje mnohem lépe. Jako další důležitý krok se ukázalo rozlišovat běžný intrení dialog a "programování".Učinek bežneého dialogu ma priliš malou prioritu a efekt je velice slabý. Tohle vyřešilo vytvoření nástavby (neco jako operační systém nebo intreface ) do které je se nutno přihlásit. Po přihlášení mají příkazi vetší prioritu a tim i větší efekt.
	+
	+	Momentalně sem se zasek na nedostatečné znalosti hardwaru (mozku) a problémem z definicí funkcí.
	+	Při spustění chybného programu to zpusobý error který se projevuje jako nárust produkce stresu v těle, při zavžnejší chybě to má i dusledky jako bolest hlavy, poruchy sosutredění. A při fatal error hrozí i ztráta vědomí.
	+
	+	====== Cognitive architecture ======
	+	Další prekážkou je neznalost systemu a jeho omezení. Model použitej k vytvářeni programů a definici funcí by se mel co nejvíce priblížit realnému systému. Zattim se expedimnetuje hodne naslepo a postupne se snažim model zdokonalovata jeho časti i vědecky podložit.
	+
	+	Jako základ mého modelu slouží LIDA,tenhle zaklad dale upravujia doplnují podle dalších poznatků jak vědeckých tak subjektivních.
	+
	+	===== LIDA model =====
	+	{{http://gdac.dinfo.uqam.ca/faghihi/My-images/ccrg-LIDA.jpg}}
	+	[[http://ccrg.cs.memphis.edu/tutorial/]]
	+
	+	===== Differences between LIDA and my current model =====
	+	*cascading cognitive cycles
	+	LIDA - až 3 , My - vždy 2
	+	*PAMnet
	+	LIDA- In the current PAMnet implementation, each node passes its full activation value to its parent node
	+	activation passing inward from the fringe of the network (lower conceptual depth) towards the center (higher conceptual depth).
	+	My LIDA model nestačí a jeho vysledky absolutne neodpovidaj subjektivnimu meření potreba rozšiřit o top-down modulaci komunikaci diky CTC a CFM
	+
	+	===== Notes=====
	+	====attentional blink ====
	+	[[http://ccrg.cs.memphis.edu/assets/papers/2012/attentional-blink-Madl.pdf]]
	+	==== Global Workspace Dynamics ====
	+	[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3664777/#!po=47.7273]]
	+	*C-T
	+	* TMS-EEG may become the first practical, minimally invasive measure of causal connectivity in cortex. It has been shown to differentiate between conscious waking vs. sleep and coma, and to distinguish behavioral coma from true coma
	+	* Cortical regions are mirrored in major thalamic nuclei, most of which are also layered arrays. Sherman and Guillery (2011) note that “any new information reaching a cortical area… benefits from a thalamic region.” Thalamic nuclei do not communicate with each other directly, but only by way of cortical synapses.
	+	* Cortico-thalamic arrays are mutually linked via spatially consistent “labeled lines.” For example, the small foveal center of each retina subtends only 2–4° of visual arc, with about one million densely packed cones and rods. Foveal patches can be roughly considered to be 1000 × 1000 arrays of light receptors that are echoed point-to-point in retinal ganglion cells, whose axons make up the optic nerve. Ganglion cells are mirrored in the visual thalamus (LGN), which transmit signals point-to-point to V1.
	+	* Bidirectional pathways and adaptive resonance
	+	* A variety of high-level wave-like phenomena emerge in the C-T system, including standing and traveling waves, spiral vortices, centrifugal propagation, phase coupling and decoupling, microstates, cross-frequency coupling, and hemisphere-wide phase transitions at theta-alpha rates (Freeman et al., 2003; Izhikevich and Edelman, 2008). Complex waveforms in the core range from 0.1 to 200 Hz, with momentary spikes up to 600 Hz.
	+	* On the motor side there is extensive evidence for trainable voluntary control over single motor units and more recently, for voluntary control of single cortical neurons (Cerf et al., 2010).
	+	* Phase-locking is measured by lagged correlated activity among widely dispersed electrodes, and is believed to represent signaling among the cortical arrays being recorded. In this case the signal is measured in the low gamma band, 35–58 Hz, but strikingly similar findings are common from <1 to 200 Hz. Delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma phase coupling are commonly reported for a variety of tasks. This very wide band of apparently functional signaling is being studied intensively.
	+	* {{http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3664777/bin/fpsyg-04-00200-g007.jpg}}
	+
	+
	+
	+	==== Cross-frequency coupling ====
	+	=== Cross-frequency coupling in real and virtual brain networks ===
	+	[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3699761/]]
	+	*There is an increasing evidence that the last type of CFC, so-called phase-amplitude modulation, occurs very often
	+	*“hierarchical” organization of EEG oscillations suggesting that the amplitude of the oscillations at characteristic frequency is modulated by the oscillatory phase at lower frequency. In particular, they found that delta (1–4 Hz) phase modulates theta (4–10 Hz) amplitude, and theta modulates gamma (30–50 Hz) amplitude in primary auditory cortex of awake macaque monkeys (Lakatos et al., 2005).
	+
	+	=== Cross-Frequency Phase–Phase Coupling between Theta and Gamma Oscillations in the Hippocampus ===
	+
	+	[[http://www.jneurosci.org/content/32/2/423.full.pdf]]
	+	*Asymmetry of theta waves
	+	Theta oscillations in the LFP are usually studied after bandpass
	+	filtering between 4 and 12 Hz, generating a largely sinusoidal
	+	signal. However, the hippocampal theta rhythm deviates signifi-
	+	cantly from a harmonic (sinusoidal) oscillation. Theta waves are
	+	asymmetric with an inverse saw-tooth appearance in the CA1
	+	region
	+	<note>Automaticka kresba GlobalBroadcast ukazuje stejnej prubjeh z asimetrijí a peaky (mereni dobe kdy sem podle clanku predpokaldal sinus) </note>
	+	<note>Podobnou asimetriji sem nameril v samotnejch gamma vlnách (podvědome) </note>
	+	<note>Predpoklad: asimetrie nebude vždy stejná ale bude souviset z focusem pri zamreni se na konkretni objekt/koncept predpokladam ostrej peak </note>
	+	*Spikes that occur on the
	+	ascending part of the theta cycle represent
	+	largely the early part of the place field. The
	+	spike density showed a skewed phase dis-
	+	tribution relative to the phase of the CA1
	+	LFP
	+
	+
	+
	+	====== Measuring methods ======
	+
	+	=====Subjective=====
	+
	+	==== Podvědomí -) svaly ====
	+
	+	=== Kyvadlo ===
	+	Nejsandnejší pro začátek používá mikropohyby ruky řízené podvědomím a kyvadlo jen tyhle pohyby "zesiluje".
	+
	+	Postup: základ
	+	* určit odpovedi ANO , NE , nevim
	+	* jak vypadá odpoved? ANO ..
	+	* otázky jako 2+2=4? .. čekat na odpoved
	+	* testovat reakce, vetšiny lidi tak 15min stači na vytvořeni dostatečne silnejch pohybu svalu aby se dalo mezi odpovedma rozlišovat
	+
	+	Postup 2:
	+	*relaxace
	+	*zklidnění mysli
	+	*forumulace zámeru čim presnejší otázka tim lepši
	+	*změrení odpovědi
	+
	+	Casté problémy:
	+	*vedomý zásah do výsledku , očekávání , víra
	+	*nepřesná otázka
	+	*zjiskání odpovedi ruzne otázky potrebuje pristup do odlišných systemů. Chce praxi a ověrování
	+
	+	note: V současne době již kyvadlo nepouživam pohyb ruky/prstu je dostatečný .Podvedomim rizenej pohyb ruky klidne i o pul metru.
	+
	+
	+	=== Automatické kreslení ===
	+	*graf x,y
	+	*označení mista (naprř fyz.problem na obrazku těla)
	+	*složitejší obrazy
	+
	+
	+	=== Automatické psaní ===
	+	pohyb je zde mnohonásobne vetší a komplexnejší trvá déle se naučit.
	+
	+
	+	=== Napětí svalů ===
	+	* dase použit na ANO/NE pripadne intenzita
	+	* zakladni svalove napěti je dobrým indikátorem stresu v těle
	+
	+
	+	==== Zrak ====
	+	*GUI
	+	Grafický intreface promítání informací do zorného pole. Nejedná se o vědomou vizualizaci ale o zapnuti "programu" a zobrazovaní dale probýhá automaticky.
	+	==== Sluch ====
	+	==== Vnitřní dialog/myšlenky ====
	+	==== Pocity v těle ====
	+	==== Emoce ====
	+	==== Bdělost ====
	+
	+
	+	=====Objective=====
	+	==== EEG ====
	+	==== EMG ====
	+	==== GSR ====
	+	==== Tests ====
	+	*reaction time
	+	*treashod of detection
	+
	+
	+
	+	====== Measured prameters ======
	+	===== Emotion =====
	+	Main focus is for now on the production of stress and negative emotions.
	+
	+	==== Stress in body ====
	+	*unit N
	+	measured in kN (N1000)
	+	*stress production measured in N/min
	+	*Unit:few years ago i measure my basic state of stress and save its value as unit. Its by probably possible define it partialy by muscle tone or cortisol level .
	+
	+	*values only for orientation.Feealings depend of actual state of body,first is feeled on moust damaged,weeakened,tense part of body.
	+	*2.5 kN stiff neck
	+	*3.5 kN start of neck pain
	+	*5 kN start of headache
	+	*8 kN strong headacae
	+	*11+ KN very strong headache witch chills
	+
	+	=== Stress in body - production ===
	+	* body - metabolic waste put to circulation
	+	* brain - emotion
	+
	+	=== Stress in body - removal ===
	+
	+	=== Stress in body - bilance ===
	+	* if its known is possible to predict how long take for instance the headache stops or start.
	+
	+	=== Stress in body and stress production - influence on higher brain function ===
	+
	+
	+	=== Model of system ===
	+
	+	[[http://orlin.rajce.idnes.cz/Emo#ScannedDocument-7.jpg]]
	+	*based on info from the subconscious
	+
	+	==Triggers==
	+	*When stress production is to high trigger lower activation of whole system to protect it. Unfortunately, it also turning down all higher brain function and as conseqence of it is much harder to do something about emotion or stress cause.
	+	*The activity stay low until positive emotion start other trigger.
	+	* IF N/MIN > 40 : alarm , lower ATT
	+	* IF positive emotion/MIN > 15 : increase ATT
	+	* trigger can be trriggered about every 0.3s (one cognitive cycle)
	+
	+	[[http://orlin.rajce.idnes.cz/Emo#ScannedDocument-9.jpg]]
	+	*picture 1. is testing of use positive visualization (on the beach)
	+	*i felt a violent improvements in alertness and mood and then sharp drop back
	+	*picture showes how vizualization hit possitive trigger and increase ATT ,but increased ATT increase also N production
	+	when N/MIN hit negative trigger ATT go back down
	+
	+	*picture 2. (below firts one)
	+	*show steps when triggers are hit
	+
	+	[[http://orlin.rajce.idnes.cz/Emo#ScannedDocument-8.jpg]]
	+	*step size depnd of N/min and actual ATT
	+	* second picture shows minimal ATT to automaticly shutdown the emotion of specific N/MIN
	+
	+	==Amplyfication of stress production==
	+	*set to 45%
	+	*range about 25-1220%
	+
	+
	+
	+	===Emotion scan===
	+
	+	{{:project:brain_hacking:scanned_document-1.jpg?1000\|}}
	+	*last scan with some notes
	+
	+
	+	*2 clolors = 2scans
	+	{{:project:brain_hacking:scanned_document-2.jpg?1000\|}}
	+
	+	{{:project:brain_hacking:scanned_document-3.jpg?1000\|}}
	+
	+	{{:project:brain_hacking:scanned_document-4.jpg?1000\|}}
	+
	+	{{:project:brain_hacking:scanned_document-5.jpg?1000\|}}
	+
	+
	+	{{:project:brain_hacking:scanned_document11.jpg?1000\|}}
	+
	+	*20.12 00:00
	+	*emotion scan + top-down modulation
	+	*probing belief system
	+
	+	Belief system - emotions
	+	* i start with 4 categories
	+	*personal experience
	+	*expectation
	+	*belief
	+	*extrenal info
	+	* only very small part of belief system is based on actual experience not mentionthe fact that the actual experiences is also interpereted by using this system
	+	* witch new techniqe is possible found experience causing emotion but also experience and other stuff witch make belief system.
	+	* in the end i get to personal experience or extrenal info
	+	* in case of extrenal info is good idea look for the source and credibility and also credibility value of info.
	+	* the main problem is that the data is not updated there should be belief like : parents always says truth is based on experinece and other
	+	beliefs when we was only a few years old
	+	* if we consciously open that "belief"(or other 3cat) there shoud be reconsolidation based on actual reality model ,
	+	* somtimes is automatic sometimes need will becouse beliefe is so strong or is it set to 100% and dout allow change.
	+	* we need update all levels of belief its not automatic but is possible to automatize it.
	+	* the connection from belief must be actiavted co certain level to be updated subconsciously(VLPFC) and even higher level co consciously (DLPFC)
	+	* its possible to make codelet/script witch actovte all connection of that belief to enought activity and update them, but is be good add parametr how many levels can change or how many resources/priority program gets.If we dout do that it can cause problems like lowering other function nad sensory preception(chnges are computationally/attention expensive ).
	+	* setup priority save to long term memory , if it too low or to many other stuff it will work only a day (shortterm memory buffer)
	+
	+
	+
	+	===Emotions as source of "illness"===
	+	*ego
	+	*belief system
	+	*thoughts/stimulus
	+	*emotion
	+	*stress
	+	*muscle tone , cortisol...
	+	*lowering of local circulation
	+	*accumulation of matabolic waste
	+	*wakening of "place"
	+	*illness
	+
	+
	+
	+
	+
	+
	+	====== Resources ======
	+	Systémové zdroje nejspíše dány mírou aktivace neurálních struktur.
	+	Casem bude nejpiše potřeba presnejší dělení.
	+
	+	Normální stav 100r
	+
	+
	+
	+
	+
	+	====== Codelets ======
	+	Codelets implement the specialized processors of global workspace theory. Codelets also correspond more or less to Jackson’s demons (1987), Minsky’s agents (1985), and Ornstein’s small minds (1986). Edelman’s neuronal groups (1987) may well implement some codelets in the brain.
	+	Codelets come in a number of varieties each with different functions to perform, as we will see.
	+
	+	=== Perceptual codelets ===
	+	=== Behavior codelets ===
	+
	+	=== Attention codelets ===
	+
	+	The task of attention codelets is to bring content to consciousness. In humans, this content may include constructed sensory images, feelings, emotions, memories, intuitions, ideas, desires, goals, etc
	+
	+	Motivated by novelty, unexpectedness, relevance to a goal, emotional content, etc.,
	+
	+	=== Expectation codelets ==
	+	Among these attention codelets are expectation codelets, spawned by active behaviors that attempt to track the results of current actions or the lack thereof.
	+
	+
	+	=== Intention codelet ===
	+	spawned each time a volitional goal is selected. An intention codelet attempts to bring to consciousness any content that would be relevant to its goal
	+
	+	=== Information codelets ===
	+
	+	=== Cognitive cycle (notes) ===
	+
	+	===== Step 1 =====
	+	* 1.EXPECTATION CODELETS (GLOBAL , FROM PREVIOUS CYCLE )SET SENSORS FOCUS
	+	* 2.RECEAVING OF DATA
	+	* 3.SAVE DATA TO SENSORY MEMORY
	+	* 4.ASIGN INTERPRETATION , CATEGORIZATION TROUGHT SPIPNET
	+	* 5.SEND INTERPRETATION , CATEGORIZATION , DATA PRECONSCIOOUS BUFFERS
	+
	+	“Specialized feature detectors (perception codelets ) Those that find features (bits of meaning, single chunks) relevant to their specialty activate appropriate nodes in perceptual memory.
	+	The decision as to which interpretations (recognitions, categorizations, ideas, meanings) to assign is made by perceptual memory (PM). slipnet, an activation passing semantic net. The slipnet settles into the various interpretations, represented by its nodes .
	+	Though interpretations are assigned during each cycle, the full meaning of a particular stimulus, say a sentence, may accumulate only over several cycles. The activation of nodes in PM decays, but it does so at such a rate that interpretations acquired during one cycle are still somewhat available during the next few cycles. “
	+
	+
	+	===== Step 2 =====
	+	*SAVE INTERPRETATION , CATEGORIZATION , DATA IN PRECONSCIOOUS BUFFERS
	+
	+	===== Step 3 =====
	+	sing the incoming percept and the residual contents of the preconscious buffers as cues, local associations are retrieved from Medium term memory and from Long term memory
	+
	+
	+
	+	===== Machine consciousness - projects =====
	+	There are several serious, ongoing projects aimed a producing machine consciousness. One such, headed by Igor
	+	Aleksander, is relatively far along, having produced a working system, MAGNUS, using neural modeling that’s arguably
	+	capable of imagination (2000). A second such is my own IDA project to be described in some detail below. IDA is currently
	+	up and running, and exhibiting functional consciousness. A third such project, conceived by Rodney Cotterill and also based
	+	on neural modeling, aims at developing machine consciousness in a manner analogous to the way a human child develops An
	+	early version is being demonstrated (Cotterill 2001). For a fourth, Owen Holland and Rodney Goodman have embarked on a
	+	bottom up approach of add additional capabilities to a robotic system until it shows signs of consciousness REF. A fifth, due
	+	to Lee McCauley, builds consciousness into a neural schema system REF.
	+
	+	==== IDA model ====
	+	IDA (Intelligent Distribution Agent) is a “conscious” software agent that was developed for the US Navy
	+
	+	IDA’S Modules and Mechanisms
	+	• Perception—Copycat Architecture—Hofstadter
	+	• Action Selection—Behavior Net—Maes
	+	• Episodic Memory—Sparse Distributed Memory—Kanerva
	+	• Emotions—Pandemonium Theory—Jackson
	+	• Metacognition—Fuzzy Classifier Systems—Holland
	+	• Learning—Copycat Architecture, Reinforcement
	+	• Constraint Satisfaction—Linear Functional
	+	• Language Generation—Pandemonium Theory
	+	• Deliberation—Pandemonium Theory
	+	• ‘Consciousness’ —Pandemonium Theory
	+
	+	{{http://www.brains-minds-media.org/archive/150/RedaktionBRAIN1120462504.52-3.png}}
	+
	+
	+	===== Global Workspace Theory =====
	+	In his global workspace theory, Baars, along with many others (e.g. (Minsky 1985, Ornstein 1986, Edelman 1987)) ,
	+	postulates that human cognition is implemented by a multitude of relatively small, special purpose processes, almost always
	+	unconscious. (It's a multiagent system.) Communication between them is rare and over a narrow bandwidth. Coalitions of
	+	such processes find their way into a global workspace (and into consciousness). This limited capacity workspace serves to
	+	broadcast the message of the coalition to all the unconscious processors, in order to recruit other processors to join in
	+	handling the current novel situation, or in solving the current problem. Thus consciousness in this theory allows us to deal
	+	with novel or problematic situations that can’t be dealt with efficiently, or at all, by habituated unconscious processes. In
	+	particular, it provides access to appropriately useful resources, thereby solving the relevance problem.
	+	This theory offers an explanation for consciousness being serial in nature rather than parallel as is common in the rest of
	+	the nervous system. Messages broadcast in parallel would tend to overwrite one another making understanding difficult. It
	+	similarly explains the limited capacity of consciousness as opposed to the huge capacity typical of long-term memory and
	+	other parts of the nervous system. Large messages would be overwhelming to small, special-purpose processors.
	+	All this activity of processors takes place under the auspices of contexts (see Figure 1): goal contexts, perceptual
	+	contexts, conceptual contexts, and/or cultural contexts. Baars uses goal hierarchies, dominant goal contexts, a dominant goal
	+	hierarchy, dominant context hierarchies, and lower level context hierarchies. Each context is, itself, a coalition of processes.
	+	Though contexts are typically unconscious, they strongly influence conscious processes. A key insight of global workspace
	+	says that each context is, in fact, a coalition of processors.
	+	Baars postulates that learning results simply from conscious attention, that is, that consciousness is sufficient for
	+	learning. There's much more to global workspace theory, including attention, action selection, emotion, voluntary action,
	+	metacognition and a sense of self. I think of it as a high level theory of cognition
	+
	+
	+	http://sofiabohmer.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/spanish-lessons-buenos-aires-brain-as-computer.jpg
	+
	+
	+	===== Links =====
	+	http://www.brains-minds-media.org/archive/1178/supplement/supplement
	+
	+	http://sofiabohmer.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/spanish-lessons-buenos-aires-brain-as-computer.jpg
	+
	+
	+
	+	===== Notes 23.12 =====
	+	===Subjective logic===
	+	*trust network [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_logic]][[http://folk.uio.no/josang/sl/SubLog-FUSION2013.pdf]]
	+	{{http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bb/Subjective-opinion.jpg/700px-Subjective-opinion.jpg}}
	+	{{http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/SL-trust-network.jpg/450px-SL-trust-network.jpg}}
	+	*trust scope - trust by context , topic
	+	*Trust types
	+	*Direct - experience
	+	*Indirect - indirect knowledge
	+	*Functional -Trusting entity for scope
	+	*Referral - Trusting entity about source for scope

Multisensorická integrace - pravidla

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2016-03-08T12:43:30+00:00

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	+	====== Multisensorická integrace - pravidla ======
	+

	+	=== Buttom-up poskládana od spodu podle pravidel - automatická/nevědomá ===
	+
	+	*použita pokud je malá konkurence (jeden způsob jak to slepit dohromady)
	+	*jeden signál (o velkém významu ,jedinečnosti) vyvolá přesun pozornosti ke zdroji signálu
	+	{{http://img16.rajce.idnes.cz/d1602/5/5387/5387988_be78ed4e41055106881655e0d57b540d/images/a.jpg?ver=0}}
	+
	+	===Top-down modulace pomocí pozornosti - vědomá ===
	+
	+	* použita když je konkurence vetší (více možností , automat netuší kterou vybrat )
	+	* muže vybrat co se slepí dohromady[/list]
	+
	+	=== Pravidla : ===
	+
	+
	+	* Temporální - slepovaní podle času události (okno par set ms záleží na ukolu někde jen do 25ms)
	+
	+
	+	* Spatiální -podle místa
	+
	+
	+	* Relevance podle ukolu
	+
	+
	+	* Přesnost - vždy se použije pro daný ukol nejpřesnější zdroj informací jako základ integrace
	+	* Sluch (A) - dominuje ukolum kde se slepuje podle času
	+	* Zrak (V) - dominuje ukolum kde se slepuje podle místa (uhel)
	+	* Propriorecepce (P) - hloubka
	+
	+
	+	* Znalost a očekávání - programy, vzpomínky
	+
	+
	+	* Ineverzni efektivita
	+	* Při sloučeni slabých signálů z různých smyslů je výsledek integrace silnější než součet jejich intenzit
	+	* note :+150% druhy model +67%
	+
	+
	+	* Spatial+Temporal
	+	*Pokud sedí k sobě efekt je vetší ,lepší integrace a strhnutí pozornosti.(probíhá nevědomě)
	+
	+
	+	* Jedinečnost/duležitost/intenzita - signály které jsou jedinečné mají vetší duležitost
	+	* jedinečnej + bežnej z jiného smyslu = itegrace (podle času /mista )
	+	* bežnej + bežnej z jiného smyslu = potřeba vědomé pozornosti na rozhodnuti itegrace
	+
	+	{{http://img16.rajce.idnes.cz/d1602/5/5387/5387988_be78ed4e41055106881655e0d57b540d/images/b.jpg}}
	+	{{http://img16.rajce.idnes.cz/d1602/5/5387/5387988_be78ed4e41055106881655e0d57b540d/images/c.jpg}}
	+
	+
	+	* Pozornost (top-down procesing)
	+	* SE-sensory event -senzorická událost
	+
	+	*Výběr: SE1 + SE2 + SE3 -) pokud je pozornost na SE1 +SE2 -) integrace SE1+SE2
	+	{{http://img16.rajce.idnes.cz/d1602/5/5387/5387988_be78ed4e41055106881655e0d57b540d/images/f.jpg}}
	+	*Procesing :
	+	* pozornost na SE zlepšuje její zpracování (přiděleno více systémových prostředků )
	+	* pozornost na SE zlepšuje také zpracování dalších SE ve stejném místě (platí pro vědomé i nevědomé)
	+
	+	* Doplnování a mazání
	+	* upravuje podle předchozích pravidel
	+	* oscilace vyvolané SE1 mohou vyvolat iluzorní vjem v jiném smyslu (dá se posílit vědomě-phase locking)
	+	*(integrace vyvolává převážně gamma (t okno do 25ms) vlny které synchronizují různé části mozku a tím pomáhají k integraci
	+	* rozrušení oscilace zhorši integraci pláti to i pro jiná pásma
	+	* příliš velká sinchronizace oscilací muže vyvolat sinestezii a příliš malá autizmus)
	+
	+
	+	* Když to nepasuje
	+	* Málo - vznikne něco mezi obouma signálama zohlednuje se tam přesnost signálu pro daný ukol a další věci
	+	* Moc - použije nejpřesnější signál a zbytek zahodí [/list]
	+
	+	* Emoční náboj
	+	*Interakce mezi jednotlivými smysly a ovlivnění top-down procesingem probíhá na všech urovních
	+	{{http://img16.rajce.idnes.cz/d1602/5/5387/5387988_be78ed4e41055106881655e0d57b540d/images/e.jpg}}

Sensory and multisensory illusions

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2013-06-12T06:23:08+00:00

1318248648	current
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	+	======Sensory and multisensory illusions ======
	+	Rules of multisensory inetgration:[[project:brain_hacking:msi\|]] (CZ)
	+
	+
	+
	+	===== Temporal : Visual + Tactile inducted body parts illusions =====
	+
	+	==== Natáhnutí prstu ====
	+	Obraz je počítačově upraven tak že vypadá že se prst natáhnul zaroven se za něj mírně táhne aby se přidaly hmatové pocity
	+
	+	* Signály
	+	* zrak,hmat ,propriorecepce(vnímání polohy)
	+
	+
	+	*Pravidla
	+	*pro tento úkol je duležitější zrak a zároven je synchronizován s hmatem
	+	*časová synchronizace
	+	* místo V a P nesedí
	+
	+	*Integrace
	+	* jako základ se vezme zrak k němu se přidá hmat a propriorecepce se upravý/vypne aby vjem odpovídal zobrazené délce prstu
	+
	+	*Note:
	+	*tenhle pokus výrazně snížil bolest prstu nějak ovlivnuje integraci bolesti
	+	{{youtube>7C8EYMJjfiw?medium}}
	+
	+
	+	====Rubber hand====
	+	{{youtube>TCQbygjG0RU?medium}}
	+	{{youtube>sxwn1w7MJvk?medium}}
	+
	+	====The Beeblebrox illusion====
	+	This is a variant on the rubber hand illusion that creates the peculiar sensation of having three arms, a bit like Zaphod Beeblebrox in the The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.
	+	{{youtube>GZDDWozq3b4?medium}}
	+
	+
	+	====Switched hand ====
	+	{{youtube>mCpU03Rn2DA?medium}}
	+
	+	====Mirror box and phantom limb====
	+	Mirror box invented by Vilayanur S. Ramachandran to help alleviate phantom limb pain, in which patients feel they still have a limb after having it amputated.
	+
	+	{{http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ramachandran-mirrorbox.svg/150px-Ramachandran-mirrorbox.svg.png}}
	+	{{http://www.usneurologicals.com/mirrorBox2.jpg}}
	+
	+	Phantm limb
	+	{{youtube>XphC6ozCnj4?medium}} (9:40-end)
	+	{{youtube>v8L4xPKeFSw?medium}}
	+	{{youtube>sq6u4XVrr58?medium}} (3.15-end)
	+	{{youtube>PpEpj-JgGDI?medium}} (to 5.30)
	+
	+	<note> rotations of the model hand so that it is no longer matches the posture of the hidden real hand eliminates the illusion even when the rubber hand is positioned in the peripersonal space</note>
	+
	+
	+	===== Temporal : Visual + Tactile whole body illusions =====
	+	==== Body swap====
	+	{{youtube>rawY2VzN4-c?medium}}
	+	====Body transfer====
	+	{{youtube>mHP2liY0oDE?medium}}
	+	==== Virtual OOBE====
	+	{{youtube>4PQAc_Z2OfQ?medium}}
	+
	+	{{youtube>-xWowv7Qryc?medium}}
	+	====Barbie-doll illusion====
	+	{{youtube>uhRbAjdEiGw?medium}}
	+
	+	*nové tělo musí mít dostatečne humanoidní tvar a musí byt použito pohledu 1 osoby při použití pohledu 3 osoby je iluze slabši nebo žádná
	+	*“self-recognition” effect completely disappears if one tries to induce the illusion from a 3PP without HMDs.
	+	*this is in stark contrast to the body-swap illusion, which can be elicited without the use of video-technology, as we have demonstrated .
	+
	+
	+	=====Pseudo-attraction force perception=====
	+	The paper discusses the effect of acceleration profiles on the kinesthetic illusion of being pulled (pseudo-attraction force perception). We have found that when a hand-held object oscillates in the hands, if the acceleration pattern is lopsided, one feels a pulling force sensation, although the object does move in two opposite directions. Our previous findings indicate that the pulse frequency of a lopsided oscillation determines the effective generation of the pseudo-attraction force. The object of this study is to clarify the effect of pulse width and pulse interval on force perception at the pulse frequency. The experimental results suggest that (i) there were no significant difference between pulse widths as regards perceiving a pseudo-attraction force, and (ii) there was a depressive interaction between pulse width and pulse interval with respect to force perception.
	+
	+	*based on change numbness
	+	http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/ICSMC.2009.5346927
	+	{{youtube>Yj_WnNWV8F4?medium}}
	+
	+
	+	===== Mislocalization - spatial tactile illusions =====
	+
	+	==== Tactile funnelling====
	+	Separate closely-spaced stimuli on the skin are perceived as a single, more intense stimulus at the central location
	+	This even works for just two stimuli, inducing a 'phantom' touch between the two real touches
	+
	+	It requires to deliver short and simultaneous
	+	vibratory signals (of the order of 5 ms) at dierent
	+	locations of the skin (spatial separation of the
	+	order of 2 cm on the forearm). Under proper conditions,
	+	only one pulse is felt, for example, half way
	+	between two contact locations in the case of just
	+	two contactors.
	+
	+	{{http://www.neurobiography.info/teaching/images/somatosensory/tactile_funnelling_tuning_curves.gif}}
	+
	+	====Cutaneous rabbit====
	+	Two separate locations stimulated multiple times in quick succession feels like a "rabbit", hopping across the skin between the two locations
	+	The illusion was recently investigated with fMRI (Blankenburg et al., 2006), who showed that activity in the primary somatosensory cortex representing the middle location was just as high for the cutaneous rabbit as compared to actual stimulation at that point
	+
	+	{{http://www.neurobiography.info/teaching/images/somatosensory/cutaneous_rabbit_stimulation.gif}}
	+
	+	Also needs `vibrotactors' causing short pulses (a few
	+	milliseconds) at discrete locations on the skin (of
	+	the order to 10 cm separation on the arm), but this
	+	time their ring must be spread through time at
	+	intervals of a few tens of milliseconds, typically in
	+	one burst of ve pulses at one location, then another
	+	ve at the next location and so-on. What is
	+	felt is a progression of pulses on the path from one
	+	location to the next. In that, it can be viewed as a
	+	kinetic variant of the funneling illusion. Since then,
	+	truly many variations have been investigated including
	+	two-dimensional variants induced through
	+	a electro-cutaneous stimulation . Relationships,
	+	or lack thereof, with visual illusions
	+	were discussed in terms of the phi effect (apparent
	+	movement) and tau effect (apparent distance
	+	reduction).
	+
	+
	+	=====Distance Misjudgment : Size-constancy failure=====
	+
	+	Originally described by Weber, distances on the face feel bigger than distances on the back (~80% of times); distances on the index finger feel bigger than on the forearm (77%), back (70%), & middle finger (63%)
	+	But, these illusions are much smaller than predictions based on receptor density, homunculus proportions, or spatial acuity, suggesting a tactile size-constancy mechanism
	+
	+	{{http://www.neurobiography.info/teaching/images/somatosensory/tactile_size_constancy_method.gif}}
	+
	+
	+
	+
	+	===== Pattern & movement illusions=====
	+
	+	====Comb illusion ====
	+	Your fingertips are among the most sensitive parts of your body, and this makes them surprisingly easy to fool. Take an ordinary comb and pencil and lay your index finger along the top of the comb, then run the pencil back and forth along the side of the teeth. Even though the teeth are moving from side to side in a wave-like motion, your finger will feel as if a raised dot is travelling up and down the comb.
	+
	+	According to Hayward, this works because the unfamiliar motion of the teeth causes similar skin deformation to the more usual action of running your finger over a raised bump, so your brain interprets it that way.
	+
	+	*vision must be blocked
	+
	+	====Fishbone illusion====
	+	Rubbing the finger along the strip results in a sensation where the surface is no longer flat. Several variants obtained by manufacturing surfaces with non-uniform adhesion properties.
	+	[[http://lsc.univ-evry.fr/~eurohaptics/upload/cd/papers/f46.pdf]]
	+
	+	====Velvet hand illusion ====
	+	[[http://www.s2is.org/Issues/v3/n3/papers/paper10.pdf]]
	+
	+	====Perception of simulated local shapes using active and passive touch====
	+	[[http://www.cim.mcgill.ca/~haptic/pub/AS-ET-AL-JNP-09.pdf]]
	+	*There is now considerable evidence indicating that both cutaneous and proprioceptive inputs are
	+	gated, or suppressed, during active movements
	+	*For the shapes generated by the lateral force fields, it appears that active movement was needed to interpret these
	+	otherwise ambiguous shapes.
	+	*For those shapes generated by the displacement field, in contrast, there was
	+	evidence for a superiority of passive touch over active touch.
	+	*presence of active movement-related suppression of the sensory inputs modulating the perception of these shapes, and so diminishin performance during active touch
	+	*The gating of afferent signals to somatosensory cortex during active movement is a prime
	+	example of this efference copy
	+
	+
	+
	+	==== Virtual haptic object perception====
	+	When we slide a fingertip along the surface of an object, the geometry of the surface determines the way our finger will move. For example, if the object has a bump on it, our finger will ascend into the bump and then descend from it.
	+
	+	Until very recently, it was assumed that we used such geometrical information to perceive the shape of an object. However, there are other sources of shape information that are also experienced when touching an object. These are the forces that we experience when exploring the object. For example, when sliding the fingertip along a surface with a small bump, the bump will resist the movement of the fingertip. Such resistance forces are largely determined by the local geometry of an object and by how much force we apply when exploring the object.
	+
	+	{{http://www.roblesdelatorre.com/gabriel/figure2e.jpg}}
	+
	+	When the haptic interface is powered on, it generates computer-controlled forces. Such forces are added to the forces that arise naturally from the normal tool-surface interaction. In this manner, it is feasible to create normally impossible, paradoxical objects in which geometrical information conflicts with force information. Figure 1 presents one of these impossible objects. Here, a person is exploring and object with a real, physical hole object (Figure 1, gray bar). Normally, the person would simultaneously experience forces that are related to the geometry of the hole, as in the normal case described before. However, in this impossible object, the haptic interface modifies such forces, so that the person experiences forces that are normally associated with an object that has a bump on it (Figure 1, red dotted line). Here the bump is purely virtual: it is created with forces, and has no geometrical information of its own. That is, when exploring this object, the person's fingertip still follows the hole trajectory given by the plastic surface (gray bar in Figure 1). The end result is that the person experiences the geometrical information of a hole, together with the force information of a bump.
	+
	+	Surprisingly, people's perception depended on the forces they experienced, and not on the geometrical information they simultaneously received. That is, in the case shown in Figure 1, subjects typically perceived a surface with a haptic bump (created through forces alone), and not a surface with a haptic hole, even though there was a real physical hole present. This can be considered as a touch illusion, in which a conflict between sources of information is resolved in favor of force cues, perhaps by weighing each source of information differently
	+
	+	<note>DEMO HOW ILLUSORY HAPTIC SHAPES FEEL LIKE [[http://www.roblesdelatorre.com/gabriel/vsdemof.htm]]</note>
	+
	+	===== Why is hard tickle yourself ? =====
	+	Try tickling yourself on the palm of your hand and notice how it feels. It might feel a little ticklish. Now, ask a friend to tickle you in the same place and note the difference. This time, it tickles much more.
	+
	+	Bottom line: When their brains expected a tap and the tap came as expected, the brain noticed it less.
	+
	+	How it works
	+	When you experience a sensation or generate an action, how do you know whether it was you or someone else who caused it? After all, there is no special signal from the skin receptors to tell you that it was generated by you or by something in the environment. The sensors in your arm cannot tell who's stimulating them. The brain solves this problem using a prediction system called a forward model. The brain's motor system makes predictions about the consequences of a movement and uses the predictions to label sensations as self-produced or externally produced.
	+
	+	Every time an action is made, the brain generates an efference copy of the actual motor command in parallel. The efference copy is just like a carbon copy, or duplicate, of the real motor command and is used to make a prediction about the effect of the action, for example, the tickling effect of a finger stroke. The predicted sensory effect of the efference copy and the actual sensory effect of the motor command are compared . If there is a mismatch, the sensation is labeled as externally generated.
	+
	+	{{http://oreilly.com/images/hacks/mindhks/figs/ctxh_0603.gif}}
	+
	+	Force Prediction
	+	You can see how we anticipate a stimulus and compensate for it, by attempting to estimate a force and seeing whether you can get that right.
	+	In action
	+
	+	Use your right index finger to press down gently on the back of a friend's hand. Your friend should then use her right index finger to press down on the same spot on your hand with the same force that she felt from your finger press. Continue taking turns at this—reproducing the same force each time—and you may notice that after about 10 turns, the forces of your finger presses are getting stronger.
	+	How it works
	+
	+	This predictive process may also be at the root of why physical fights tend to escalate. Notice how tit-for-tat tussles between children (or indeed brawls between adults) intensify, with each person claiming that the other hit him harder. In a recent study,3 a motor was used to apply a brief force to the tip of each participant's left index finger. Participants were then asked to match the force they felt using their right index finger to push down on their left index finger through a force transducer.
	+
	+	Results showed that participants consistently applied a stronger force than that which was applied to them. The authors suggest that, just as when we try to tickle ourselves, the brain predicts the sensory consequences of the self-generated force and then reduces the sensation. We can only predict the outcome of our own actions and not of someone else's, so an externally generated force feels more intense. As a result, if you were to deliver a vengeful punch to match the force of your opponent's blow, it is likely that you would overestimate the strength of the opponent's punch and strike back harder.
	+
	+	Why have we evolved the inability to tickle ourselves? The force generation experiment shows that sensations that are externally caused are enhanced. Similarly, our reactions to tickling may have evolved to heighten our sensitivity to external stimuli that pose a threat. Our sensory systems are constantly bombarded with sensory stimulation from the environment. It is therefore important to filter out sensory stimulation that is uninteresting—such as the results of our own movements—in order to pick out, and attend to, sensory information that carries more evolutionary importance, such as someone touching us. When a bee lands on your shoulder or a spider climbs up your leg, the brain ensures that you attend to these potentially dangerous external stimuli by ignoring feelings from your own movements. The predictive system therefore protects us and tickling may just be an accidental consequence.
	+
	+
	+
	+
	+
	+	===== Aristotle's illusion =====
	+	*One of the oldest tactile illusions
	+	*(also called 'tactile diplopia' or 'tactile diplesthesia')
	+	*two fingers are crossed over, and an object is placed, tapped, or rubbed between them.
	+	*Many people feel two distinct sensations (objects) in separate locations, rather than one
	+	* This also works if you touch your nose.
	+	{{http://www.neurobiography.info/teaching/images/somatosensory/aristotles_illusion_hayward-2008.gif}}
	+	{{http://www.neurobiography.info/teaching/images/somatosensory/aristotles_illusion_OU-2003.jpg}}
	+
	+	This is an example of what is called "perceptual disjunction". It arises because your brain has failed to take into account that you have crossed your fingers . Because the pea (or nose) touches the outside of both fingers at the same time - something that rarely happens - your brain interprets it as two separate objects.
	+
	+	*tactile,proprioreception - reference frame
	+
	+	===== Weight illusions =====
	+
	+	====Size-weight====
	+	When lifting two boxes of equal weight but of dierent sizes, the greatest majority of people are convinced that the smaller boxes are heavier
	+	than the bigger.
	+	*Opposite Perceptual and Sensorimotor Responses to a Size-Weight Illusion [[http://jn.physiology.org/content/95/6/3887]]
	+
	+	====Temperature-weight====
	+	Objects of equal weight felt heavier when they felt cold than when they felt warm
	+
	+	====Barbie/Ken Illusion====
	+	Many factors influence perceived weight, including the sex of toy dolls.
	+	*Males are perceived as bigger than females, leading to a size-weight illusion when lifted
	+
	+	====Material-weight====
	+	Metal containers feel lighter than wooden containers of the same size and mass
	+
	+	The expected weight or density can be measured by matching visible and hidden weights, lifted in the same manner. This gives an expected density of about 1.7 for metal canisters and 0.14 for polystyrene blocks. Density expectations may assist in selecting suitable objects to throw.
	+
	+	====Color-weight====
	+	Darker objects feel lighter than brighter objects of the same size and mass
	+
	+	==== Stroop-like effects====
	+	The label 'heavy' makes object 'feel' heavier
	+
	+
	+	==== Perceived effort====
	+	Wearing a rucksack makes hills seem steeper
	+
	+
	+
	+	===== Body-part temporal order failures =====
	+	There was a correlation associated with location on the body where tactile
	+	stimuli are applied and the judgement of the order in which they occurred.
	+
	+	Judgement of the temporal ordering of taps in the bilateral condition was reversed from the mere fact of crossing one's
	+	arms, and furthermore found that the effect could be cancelled when holding sticks that crossed to
	+	`undo' the crossing of the arms! . This fnding raises new questions regarding the brain mechanisms responsible for temporal ordering of events
	+	and body representations.
	+
	+
	+
	+
	+
	+	=====Tactile numerosity failure=====
	+	In vision, we can immediately 'count' (subitise) up to three or four separate items. More than this, we have to count them explicitly
	+	Gallace et al. (2006) showed that the same phenomenon exists for vibrations distributed across the body, but we can only subitise two vibrations
	+
	+
	+
	+
	+	=====Heat grill illusion=====
	+	Its burning sensation while putting hand on the grill where both coils are entwined. While the cool coil isn't colder than 10ºC and the warm coil not warmer than 40ºC. Generally, cold doesn't feel painful. If it does, it feels like burning. The skin sends two components of cold to the brain: the temperature and the quantity of pain. However, the nerves that transmit the cold temperature information suppress the nerves that transmit the pain. That's why cold normally feels cold, but not painful. But, when cold is mixed with warmth, the average temperature the skin measures, is warmer, and the nerves which forward cold, pass on less cold information. Because of this these nerves no longer inhibit the pain signals and therefore you experience pain.
	+
	+	more info:
	+	Thunberg's (1896) thermal grill evokes a burning, ice-like pain sensation with interlaced innocuous warm (40 °C) and cool (20 °C) bars. A similar, albeit stronger, sensation is elicited by pouring warm water on feet that are numb with cold (an unmistakable signal of thermoregulatory distress), and only burning pain is evoked by a cool stimulus (<24 °C) when A-fibre conduction (and normal cool sensation) is blocked by pressure on a peripheral nerve. These demonstrations reveal two basic phenomena: the increasing activation of the polymodal C-nociceptive sensory channel by cold below a threshold of approx24 °C (the normal thermoneutral ambient temperature), and the central inhibition of that activity by innocuous thermosensory activity ('cold inhibits pain').
	+
	+	The burning pain sensation caused by polymodal C-nociceptors (HPC), which are sensitive to noxious heat and pinch, as well as to cold, is normally masked centrally by the activity of the specific cutaneous Adelta-fibre thermoreceptors that are responsible for the sensation of cooling. When the activity of cooling receptors is reduced, the polymodal nociceptive activity that is evoked by cooling is disinhibited centrally and causes a burning sensation at cool (<24 °C) temperatures that is normally felt only at noxious cold (<15 °C) temperatures.
	+
	+	The thermal-grill illusion can be explained physiologically by an unmasking of the cold-evoked activity of polymodal nociceptive lamina I spinothalamic neurons (which are selectively activated by polymodal C-nociceptors) due to the reduction of the normal cold-evoked activity of thermoreceptive lamina I spinothalamic neurons (which are selectively activated by Adelta-type cooling thermoreceptors) by spatial summation of the simultaneous warm stimuli in the thermoreceptive but not the nociceptive neurons. The grill effectively produces a relative balance of polymodal and thermosensory activity similar to that caused by a noxious cold stimulus of approx 10°C; the equivalence of these sensations has been verified psychophysically. Reduction of activity in the thermoreceptive sensory channel disinhibits or unmasks the polymodal nociceptive channel at thalamocortical levels, producing a burning pain sensation.
	+
	+	Functional imaging has confirmed that the thermal grill produces a pattern of activity in the cortex that is identical to the activation produced by noxious cold. The cortical activation unmasked by the grill is in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), indicating that ACC activation is selectively associated with the perception of thermal pain — that is, the affect that signals thermoregulatory distress. So, the thermosensory activity in the lamina I spinothalamocortical pathway to interoceptive cortex unmasks activity in the medial lamina I pathway, which activates the ACC and is associated with burning pain. This indicates that the medial thalamic lamina I spinothalamic tract projection to the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (ventral caudal part, MDvc) might be the crucial site for the inhibition of thermal pain by cold; this suggestion is supported by preliminary physiological recordings from the MDvc in our laboratory.
	+
	+	{{http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v3/n8/images/nrn894-i1.gif}}
	+
	+
	+	Abstract
	+	Differential A-fibre block of human peripheral nerves changes the sensation evoked by innocuous cooling (similar to 24 degrees C) of the skin from 'cold' to 'hot' or 'burning', and this has been attributed to activity in unidentified unmyelinated fibres that is normally masked or inhibited by activity in A delta cold fibres. Application of the TRPM8 agonist menthol to the skin evokes 'burning/stinging' as well as 'cold', and the unpleasant sensations are also enhanced by A-fibre block. In this study we used microneurography to search for C fibres in human skin activated by cooling and menthol, which could be responsible for these phenomena. Afferent C fibres were classified by activity-dependent slowing as Type 1A (polymodal nociceptor), Type 1B (mechanically insensitive nociceptor) or Type 2 (cold sensitive), and their responses to heating and cooling ramps were measured before and after topical application of menthol preparations (2-50%). The only C fibres activated by menthol were the Type 2 fibres, which discharged vigorously with innocuous cooling and were strongly activated and sensitized to cooling by menthol. Unlike an A delta cold fibre, they continued to discharge at skin temperatures down to 0 degrees C, and most (13/15) were also activated by heating. We propose that the Type 2 C fibres, although resembling A delta cold fibres in their responses to innocuous cooling and menthol, have a more complex sensory function, colouring with a 'hot-burning' quality the perceptions of low and high temperatures. Their bimodal thermoreceptive properties may help account for several puzzling psychophysical phenomena, such as 'innocuous cold nociception', 'paradoxical heat' and the thermal grill illusion, and also for some neuropathic pains.
	+
	+	Thermoelectric; Tactile display
	+	[[http://talorongilad.com/tag/thermal-grill-illusion-thermoelectric-tactile-display/]]
	+
	+	<note tip>"The TGI is one of the best-established laboratory methods for studying pain perception," Haggard explained. "In our version, the index and ring fingers are placed in warm water and the middle finger in cold water. This generates a paradoxical feeling that the middle finger is painfully hot."</note>
	+
	+	Acute peripheral pain is reduced by multisensory interactions at the spinal level
	+	[[ http://www.smbs.buffalo.edu/acb/neuro/readings/TouchChangePain.pdf ]]
	+
	+	== Teplota ==
	+	*adaptace
	+	*citlivost změny 0,1
	+	*We are more sensitive to temperature changes when our skin is warmer or cooler than the normal range (32-34C)
	+	*We are more sensitive to temperature changes when a larger area of skin is warmed or cooled
	+
	+
	+
	+
	+	===== Shrink your Pain =====
	+	If you looked at their wounded hand through wrong end of the binoculars, making the hand appear smaller, experienced significantly less pain and decreased swelling. According to the researchers, this demonstrates that even basic bodily sensations such as pain are modulated by what we see. So next time if you stub your toe or cut a finger, do yourself a favor, look away!
	+
	+	{{http://img.xcitefun.net/users/2010/05/176015,xcitefun-9-shrink-your-pain.jpg}}
	+
	+	===== Pseudo-Haptic Efects =====
	+	The common thread behind these efects is that, in the proper conditions, visual cues can create haptic sensations
	+	that have no basis in the physical mechanical signals experienced by the subject. For example,
	+	when sliding a computer mouse on a smooth and uniform surface, if the velocity of the cursor
	+	relatively to that of the mouse is modulated as a function of its location on the screen in correlation with seen items,
	+	haptic sensations such as viscosity or shape are typically experienced .
	+	{{youtube>F6h_19PxKO8?medium}}
	+	[[http://www.ifeelpixel.com/download/]]
	+
	+
	+	=====Snímaný pohyb ruky je převeden na přesně opačný pohyb na obrazovce =====
	+	*Signály
	+	* vizualní a propriorecepce(vnímání polohy)
	+
	+	*Pravidla
	+	* pro tento úkol je duležitější zrak než propriorecepce
	+	* (možná by byla jiná situace kdyby se rukou hýbalo dopředu a dozadu pak by mohla byt duležitější propriorecepce)
	+	*Integrace
	+	* vnímáme pouze obraz propriorecepce se vypne /není zahrnuta do integrace protože je přesně opačná není způsob jak to složit
	+
	+
	+
	+
	+
	+	===== After-effects =====
	+
	+	====Muscular/postural after-effects====
	+	It is an old observation that non-volitional arm abduction movements accompanied by a
	+	sensation of arm lightness often occur as an after-effect following forceful voluntary arm
	+	abductor contractions against a restraint.
	+
	+	After-contractions are induced by activity in primary muscle spindle afferents as a consequence of thixotropic properties of intrafusal
	+	muscle fibres. Central excitability changes following the conditioning voluntary effort may
	+	contribute to the phenomenon.
	+
	+	Postural after-contractions in man attributed to muscle spindle thixotropy [[http://jp.physoc.org/content/506/3/875.full.pdf]]
	+
	+	Subject, standing in a doorway, abducts his arms for a while
	+	forcefully against the door posts; when he then relaxes and
	+	lets the arms slowly return to their initial position he
	+	experiences a transient sensation of lightness while the arms
	+	start to rise again due to a non-volitional contraction of the
	+	arm abductor muscles.
	+	====Weight after-effect====
	+
	+	====Shape after-effect====
	+	It can be demonstrated with salad bowls large enough to contain the hand. For instance,
	+	once having experienced the concavity of a bowl for about 10 seconds by statically pressing the hand inside it, a
	+	at surface will feel convex for a few seconds.
	+
	+	====Tactile after-effect====
	+
	+	====Vision after-effect====
	+	Motion after-effects - waterfall illusion
	+
	+	====Auditory after-effect====
	+
	+
	+
	+	=====Cross-modality numerosity effects=====
	+	Cross-modality numerosity effects seem to occur for touch as much as they do for vision and audition.
	+
	+	====Double flash ====
	+	If two tactile taps or beeps delivered within a 60 millisecond interval observers would see two fashes when only one was produced,
	+
	+	====Phantom tap====
	+	*tap somebody's skin once while at the same time playing two or three closely spaced electronic beeps. They will feel two or three taps.
	+	*of the order of a few tens of milliseconds
	+
	+
	+
	+	=====Proprioreceptive ilusions =====
	+	* In the absence of movement & visual feedback, the perceived location of our hand may 'drift'
	+	* This drift may be due to the information available from proprioception degrading over time
	+	*usefull for WILD and OOBE project
	+
	+	* Vibrating the tendons of a muscle (at about 100-120Hz) mimics signals arising from normal muscle stretch
	+	* This can 'fool' the brain into thinking that the muscle is being stretched
	+	*pics body parts vibration treesholds and receptor frequenci sensitivity
	+	*
	+	==== Proprioreception ====
	+	Sense of body movement and position in space
	+
	+	* Muscle spindle -passive, static, & dynamic muscle stretch
	+	* Goldi tendon organs -tendon
	+	* Joint receptors are fast-adapting and signal joint angle
	+
	+	* In the absence of movement & visual feedback, the perceived location of our hand may 'drift'
	+	* This drift may be due to the information available from proprioception degrading over time
	+	*usefull for WILD and OOBE project
	+
	+	== Tendon and spindle model ==
	+	[[http://www.angeltear.com/spindle/]]
	+
	+
	+	==Propriroceptive laterization==
	+	The nondominant arm (the left for most people) was better at matching positions. Furthermore, the left arm/right brain superiority grew
	+	with the difficulty of the task.When visual cues were provided. As expected, the dominant arm excelled, but when only proprioception was allowed, the nondominant arm won every time.
	+
	+
	+
	+	====Various vibrations inducted illusions====
	+	* Vibrating the tendons of a muscle (at about 100-120Hz) mimics signals arising from normal muscle stretch
	+	* This can 'fool' the brain into thinking that the muscle is being stretched
	+	*pics body parts vibration treesholds and receptor frequenci sensitivity
	+
	+	{{http://www.neurobiography.info/teaching/images/somatosensory/vibration_thresholds_map.gif}}
	+	{{http://www.neurobiography.info/teaching/images/somatosensory/vibration_frequency_sensitivity_2.gif}}
	+
	+	For example, vibration of the biceps brachii of the arm leads to the forearm feeling more extended than it
	+	actually is .When postural muscles are vibrated, various illusions of body motion can be elicited. For example, simultaneous
	+	vibration of the Achilles tendons of a standing subject restrained in position will cause the subject to experience forward pivoting
	+	in pitch about the ankles. The subject, if in total darkness, will exhibit nystagmoid eye movements with the slow phase compensatory for the direction of apparent self-displacement. If a visual target is presented for the subject to fixate, it will
	+	be seen to move in the direction of apparent self-motion and to displace ahead of the subject in the same direction . Thus, the visual target
	+	motion has the same characteristics as the oculogyral illusion described above,and a similar physiological explanation in terms of suppression of involuntary eye movements can account for its properties.Vibration of neck muscles leads to illusions of head rotation and displacement
	+	In fact, with vibration of the appropriate skeletal muscles, apparent motion and displacement of the body or its segments can be elicited in virtually any desired configuration. If visual or auditory targets are present, their positions also are remapped in the direction of apparent body motion and displacement.For example, when a small target light is attached to the hand and illusory motion
	+	of the restrained forearm is elicited by vibration of the biceps brachii or triceps muscles, the target light will be seen to displace physically in the direction of the apparent motion of the hand. This phenomenon is known as the oculobrachial
	+	illusion .
	+
	+	{{http://www.neurobiography.info/teaching/images//somatosensory/impossible_body_perceptions_1.gif}}
	+	{{http://mahilab.rice.edu/sites/mahilab.rice.edu/files/project-images/perp_to_biceps.JPG }}
	+
	+
	+	====Pinocchio’s Effect====
	+	*gently stroking both noses,after about 1 minute, more than 50% of the subjects report their nose as incredibly long
	+	{{http://img.xcitefun.net/users/2010/05/176016,xcitefun-8-confuse-your-proprioreception.jpg}}
	+	*Vibrator version
	+	*vibrator is applied to the biceps tendon while one holds one’s nose with the hand of that arm. The vibrator stimulates muscle spindles in the biceps that would normally be stimulated by the muscle’s stretching, creating a kinesthetic illusion that the arm is moving away from the face. Because the fingers holding the nose are still giving tactile information of being in contact with the nose, it appears that the nose is moving away from the face too, in a form of perceptual capture. Similar phenomenon happens using the blindfolded method.
	+
	+
	+	=====Spatial Aaudirory + Visual illussions =====
	+	*zvuk je posunut do místa kde se v obrazu neco deje - otvírání pusy břichomluvesctvý
	+
	+
	+	=====Temporal : Audiroty + Visual illussions=====
	+	*Two visual stimuli appear to be further apart in time if an auditory stimulus comes about 75ms before and after the visual stimuli
	+	*A75 V75 V75 A
	+	* MSI = V 125ms V
	+
	+
	+	=====Mutimodal Interaction =====
	+
	+	==== Audiroty + Visual itegration ====
	+
	+	===McGurk effect===
	+	{{youtube>G-lN8vWm3m0?medium}}
	+
	+	====Auditory + Tactile itegration====
	+
	+	===Smooth blackboard===
	+	If you happen to have a blackboard and some earplugs handy, try this out. Write something on the board, then rub it out and write it again wearing earplugs (or, better still, noise-cancelling headphones). The board will feel much smoother when you can't hear the chalk squeaking across its surface, even though it is the same board and the same chalk.
	+
	+
	+	==="Parchment-skin" illusion===
	+	the sound made by rubbing the hands against each other is picked up by a microphone, the high-frequencies
	+	are enhanced, and the result given to the perceiver through headphones. The result is a modied sensation of skin roughness/smoothness or
	+	dryness/moisture. This type of illusory perception has practical implications for everyday life such as during food appreciation
	+	* třeni rukou -zesíleny visoké frekvence
	+	* ruky se zdaji jako sušši a drsnější
	+
	+
	+	====Auditory + Gustatory itegration ====
	+	*křupavost bramburku ovlivněna zvukem
	+
	+
	+	==== Vision + Tactile itegration ====
	+	Vision interacts with touch in the perception of size, texture, stiness and
	+	probably most other object attributes .
	+
	+	When one cuts into some soft wood with a knife under a strong magnifying glass, the resulting visual enlargement
	+	gives rise to the impression that one is cutting deeply into a soft mass, such as cork
	+
	+
	+
	+
	+	=====Crossing your arms relieves hand pain =====
	+	{{http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/52830000/jpg/_52830696_hands.jpg}}
	+
	+	{{youtube>w6e38gWjljo?medium}}
	+
	+	Crossing your arms over the midline (an imaginary line running vertically down the centre of the body) confuses the brain and reduces the intensity of the pain sensation.
	+
	+	Scientists believe that the reason for this phenomenon is due to conflicting information between two of the brain’s maps – the one for you body and the one for external space.
	+
	+	As your left hand usually performs actions on the left side of space (and vice-versa for the right side), these two maps are used to working together to produce strong impulses in response to stimuli. When our arms are crossed, the two maps are mismatched and processing of noxious information is weakened – resulting in less pain.
	+
	+	=====Ames room=====
	+	{{youtube>YjmHofJ2da0?medium}}
	+	{{youtube>Ttd0YjXF0no?medium}}
	+
	+	=====Hollow mask illusion=====
	+	{{youtube>cN8plJyT0As?medium}}
	+
	+	====Dragon illusion====
	+	{{youtube>PKeuhXQj3MM?medium}}
	+	{{youtube>QW3E-ZMv5zI?medium}}
	+
	+	=====Sinaestezia=====
	+
	+	Synestezie: přehled současných poznatků
	+	[[http://www.psychiatriepropraxi.cz/pdfs/psy/2010/04/05.pdf]]
	+
	+	{{youtube>v8L4xPKeFSw?medium}}
	+	(3.30 - end)
	+
	+	BBC Horizon:Synaesthesia
	+	{{googlevideo>4297264301326388608?medium}}
	+	====Bouba/kiki effect====
	+	[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouba/kiki_effect]]
	+	=====Holophonic-Virtual Barber Shop=====
	+	{{youtube>IUDTlvagjJA?medium}}
	+
	+	===== Vestibular ilusions =====
	+	Vection effect is lower with red color
	+	{{youtube>7rm3Yk89gjk?medium}}
	+	{{http://ispace.iat.sfu.ca/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/auditoryVection_onBlack_sketch_thumb.png}}
	+	http://ispace.iat.sfu.ca/project/pathintyawpitch/
	+
	+
	+
	+	===== Illusions links =====
	+	[[http://www.michaelbach.de/ot/index.html\|Visual Phenomena & Optical Illusions]]
	+
	+	[[http://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/~akitaoka/index-e.html\|Akiyoshi's illusion pages]]
	+
	+	[[http://www.echalk.co.uk/amusements/OpticalIllusions/illusions.aspx\|eChalk optical illusions]]
	+
	+	[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_illusion\|Auditory illusions]]
	+
	+	[[http://www.design.kyushu-u.ac.jp/~ynhome/ENG/Demo/illusions.html\|Demonstrations of Auditory Illusions]]
	+
	+	Is Seeing Believing - BBC Horizon
	+	in video: McGurK effect, hollow mask illusion ,color preception, Sinaestezia ,color/taste/smell itegration ,
	+	hearing/taste integration, rubber hand illusion, human echolocation, tactile navigation
	+	{{youtube>o3g66FRUYww?medium}}
	+
	+	Neuroscience for kids :
	+
	+	See through your own hand
	+	Roll up a piece of notebook paper into a tube. The diameter of the tube should be about 0.5 inch. Hold up your left hand in front of you. Hold the tube right next to the bottom of your left "pointer" finger in between you thumb (see figure below).
	+
	+
	+	{{http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/gif/handt.gif}}
	+	{{http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/gif/slcv.jpg}}
	+
	+	[[http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/sweet.html\|Can It Really Be That Sweet?]]
	+
	+	[[http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/context.html\|Context]]
	+
	+	[[http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/hidnfk.html\|Don't Jump to Conclusions]]
	+
	+
	+

Neurotheology

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2011-06-20T20:34:37+00:00

	current
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	+	====== Neurotheology ======
	+	Neurotheology, also known as spiritual neuroscience, is the study of correlations of neural phenomena with subjective experiences of spirituality and hypotheses to explain these phenomena. Proponents of neurotheology claim that there is a neurological and evolutionary basis for subjective experiences traditionally categorized as spiritual or religious.
	+
	+	{{http://brainmind.com/images/NeuroTheologyCover.jpg}}
	+
	+
	+	===== Info =====
	+
	+	Ramachandran, the Temporal Lobes and God
	+	*http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qIiIsDIkDtg&feature=related
	+	*http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5z4B5BYbjf8&feature=related

Proprioreceptive illusions

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2011-10-03T15:05:50+00:00

1317653311	current
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	+	=== Proprioreceptive illusions ===
	+	Sense of body movement and position in space
	+
	+	* Muscle spindle -passive, static, & dynamic muscle stretch
	+
	+	{{http://www.neurobiography.info/teaching/images/somatosensory/muscle_spindle.gif}}
	+
	+	* Goldi tendon organs -tendon
	+
	+	{{http://www.neurobiography.info/teaching/images/somatosensory/golgi_tendon_organ.gif}}
	+
	+	* Joint receptors are fast-adapting and signal joint angle
	+
	+	{{http://www.neurobiography.info/teaching/images/somatosensory/joint_receptors.gif}}
	+
	+	== Tendon and spindle model ==
	+	[[http://www.angeltear.com/spindle/]]
	+
	+
	+	==Proprioreceptive ilusions ==
	+	* In the absence of movement & visual feedback, the perceived location of our hand may 'drift'
	+	* This drift may be due to the information available from proprioception degrading over time
	+	*usefull for WILD and OOBE project
	+
	+	* Vibrating the tendons of a muscle (at about 100-120Hz) mimics signals arising from normal muscle stretch
	+	* This can 'fool' the brain into thinking that the muscle is being stretched
	+	*pics body parts vibration treesholds and receptor frequenci sensitivity
	+
	+	{{http://www.neurobiography.info/teaching/images/somatosensory/vibration_thresholds_map.gif}}
	+
	+	{{http://www.neurobiography.info/teaching/images/somatosensory/vibration_frequency_sensitivity_2.gif}}
	+
	+	Various vibrations inducted illusions
	+
	+	For example, vibration
	+	of the biceps brachii of the arm leads to the forearm feeling more extended than it
	+	actually is .
	+	When **postural muscles are vibrated, various illusions of body motion can be
	+	elicited**. For example, simultaneous vibration of the Achilles tendons of a standing
	+	subject restrained in position will cause the subject to experience forward pivoting
	+	in pitch about the ankles. The subject, if in total darkness, will exhibit nystagmoid
	+	eye movements with the slow phase compensatory for the direction of apparent
	+	self-displacement. If a visual target is presented for the subject to fixate, it will
	+	be seen to move in the direction of apparent self-motion and to displace ahead of
	+	the subject in the same direction . Thus, the visual target
	+	motion has the same characteristics as the oculogyral illusion described above,
	+	and a similar physiological explanation in terms of suppression of involuntary eye
	+	movements can account for its properties.
	+	Vibration of neck muscles leads to illusions of head rotation and displacement
	+	**In fact, with vibration of the appropriate skeletal muscles, apparent motion and
	+	displacement of the body or its segments can be elicited in virtually any desired
	+	configuration**. If visual or auditory targets are present, their positions
	+	also are remapped in the direction of apparent body motion and displacement.
	+	For example, when a small target light is attached to the hand and illusory motion
	+	of the restrained forearm is elicited by vibration of the biceps brachii or triceps
	+	muscles, the target light will be seen to displace physically in the direction of
	+	the apparent motion of the hand. This phenomenon is known as the oculobrachial
	+	illusion .
	+
	+	{{http://www.neurobiography.info/teaching/images//somatosensory/impossible_body_perceptions_1.gif}}
	+	{{http://mahilab.rice.edu/sites/mahilab.rice.edu/files/project-images/perp_to_biceps.JPG }}
	+
	+
	+	Pinocchio’s Effect
	+	*gently stroking both noses,after about 1 minute, more than 50% of the subjects report their nose as incredibly long
	+	{{http://img.xcitefun.net/users/2010/05/176016,xcitefun-8-confuse-your-proprioreception.jpg}}
	+	*Vibrator version
	+	*vibrator is applied to the biceps tendon while one holds one’s nose with the hand of that arm. The vibrator stimulates muscle spindles in the biceps that would normally be stimulated by the muscle’s stretching, creating a kinesthetic illusion that the arm is moving away from the face. Because the fingers holding the nose are still giving tactile information of being in contact with the nose, it appears that the nose is moving away from the face too, in a form of perceptual capture. Similar phenomenon happens using the blindfolded method.
	+
	+
	+
	+	Propriroceptive laterization
	+
	+	The nondominant arm (the left for most people) was better at matching positions. Furthermore, the left arm/right brain superiority grew
	+	with the difficulty of the task.When visual cues were provided. As expected, the dominant arm excelled, but when only proprioception was allowed, the nondominant arm won every time.
	+

Savant abilities

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2011-11-01T14:34:39+00:00

1307232015	current
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	+	====== Savant abilities ======
	+

	+	The Boy With The Incredible Brain
	+
	+	This is the breathtaking story of Daniel Tammet. A twenty-something with extraordinary mental abilities, Daniel is one of the world’s few savants. He can do calculations to 100 decimal places in his head, and learn a language in a week. This documentary follows Daniel as he travels to America to meet the scientists who are convinced he may hold the key to unlocking similar abilities in everyone. He also meets the world’s most famous savant, the man who inspired Dustin Hoffman’s character in the Oscar winning film ‘Rain Man’. (2005)
	+
	+	http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=4913196365903075662#
	+
	+	Derek Tastes of Earwax
	+
	+	http://www.sprword.com/videos/derektastesofearwax/
	+
	+	My Brilliant Brain
	+	http://www.sprword.com/videos/mybrilliantbrain/
	+
	+
	+
	+	Prof Allan Snyder
	+
	+	{{http://ecentral.my/archives/2007/11/25/tvnradio/sv_pg02allan.jpg}}
	+
	+	http://www.centreforthemind.com/whoweare/index.cfm
	+
	+	tDCS of L-ATL
	+
	+	{{http://cache.gawkerassets.com/assets/images/4/2011/02/thinkingcap.jpg}}
	+
	+	Conversations on Creativity with Allan Snyder
	+
	+	http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/beautiful-minds/201001/conversations-creativity-allan-snyder
	+
	+	Savant test:
	+
	+	Did you count this in 2 sec ?
	+
	+	{{project:brain_hacking:savant_test_1.jpg}}
	+
	+
	+	{{:project:brain_hacking:savant_test.jpg}}
	+
	+	My best is 4/5 (after 5min trennig) average 2/5
	+
	+	test: http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/antenna/neurobotics/smart/115.asp
	+
	+
	+	ATL notes: {{:project:brain_hacking:savant_atl_notes.odt}}

Sending EMG signal from dream

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2012-04-24T13:41:58+00:00

1308743041	current
Line 1:	Line 1:
	+	====== Sending EMG signal from dream ======
	+	{{http://www.lucidity.com/slbbs/laberge.fig4.gif}}

	+	Figure 4. Morse code communication from the lucid dream. Evidence of voluntary control of other muscle groups during REM was found by LaBerge, Nagel, Dement, and Zarcone (1981) while testing a variety of lucidity signals. We observed that a sequence of left and right dream-fist clenches resulted in a corresponding sequence of left and right forearm twitches as measured by EMG. Here the subject sends a Morse code signal with left and right fist clenches corresponding to dots and dashes, respectively. Hence the message translates as "SL" (... .-..), the subject's initials. Note that the amplitude of the twitches bore an unreliable relationship to the subjective intensity of the dreamed action. Because all skeletal muscle groups except those that govern eye-movements and breathing are profoundly inhibited during REM sleep, it is to be expected that most muscular responses to dreamed movements will be feeble. Nonetheless, these responses faithfully reflect the motor patterns of the original dream.
	+
	+	Aplications:
	+	*better comunication from dreams
	+	*reconstruction of dream body movement
	+
	+	Posible problems:
	+	*EMG resolution
	+	*too strong muscle atonia
	+
	+	Ideas:
	+	*testing in WILD (REM,SOREM,NEREM)
	+	*find way how to turn off only sensory pathways
	+	*modulation of muscle atonia
	+
	+	[[http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/ojs/index.php/IJoDR/article/download/20/101\|Do
	+	REM (lucid) dreamed and executed actions share the same neural substrate?]]

Sending EOG sigal from dream

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2011-11-01T14:30:57+00:00

1308853374	current
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	+	====== Sending EOG sigal from dream ======
	+
	+	Earlier studies showing that some of the eye movements of REM sleep corresponded to the reported direction of the dreamer's gaze (e.g., Roffwarg et al. 1962).LaBerge test this - asked subjects to carry out distinctive patterns of voluntary eye movements when they realized they were dreaming. The prearranged eye movement signals appeared on the polygraph records during REM, proving that the subjects had indeed been lucid during uninterrupted REM sleep (LaBerge 1990; LaBerge et al. 1981). Figure 1 shows an example.
	+
	+	{{http://www.lucidity.com/slbbs/laberge.fig1.gif}}
	+
	+	Figure 1. A typical signal-verified lucid dream. Four channels of physiological data (central EEG [C3-A2], left and right eye-movements [LOC and ROC], and chin muscle tone [EMG]) from the last 8 min of a 30 min REM period are shown. Upon awakening the subject reported having made five eye movement signals (labeled 1-5 in figure). The first signal (1, LRLR) marked the onset of lucidity. Skin potential potential artifacts can be observed in the EEG at this point. During the following 90 s the subject "flew about" exploring his dream world until he believed he had awakened, at which point he made the signal for awakening (2, LRLRLRLR). This signal, made in non-lucid REM shows that the precise correspondence between eye movements and gaze is not an artifact of lucidity. After another 90 s, the subject realized he was still dreaming and signaled (3) with three pairs of eye movements. Realizing that this was too many, he correctly signaled with two pairs (4). Finally, upon awakening 100 s later he signaled appropriately (5, LRLRLRLR). [Calibrations are 50 microV and 5 s.]
	+
	+	{{http://www.jeffwarren.org/wp-content/uploads/7-example-signal-verified-ld-web.jpg}}
	+
	+	{{http://dreamscience.ca/en/dreamfaq_clip_image004_0001.jpg}}
	+
	+	Figure 2. Eye movement signal used by experimental subject to communicate to the experimenter during a lucid dream consisted of sets of quick horizontal movements separated by a brief pause. Upper trace (WEC) shows signal during wakefulness as 2 sets of left (L), right (R), left (L), center (C) sequences; lower trace (lucid) shows same signal during a lucid dream. Left and right eye movement electrodes (blue and red lines) are configured such that synchronous movements of the 2 eyes are displayed in opposite directions on the trace; this allows true eye movements to be discerned from muscle artifacts (green channel), which move in the same direction on the eye movement channels
	+	(From Voss, et al (2009), Sleep;32:1191-1200, figure 1).
	+
	+	{{:project:brain_hacking:signal_z_ld.jpg?nolink}}

Biofeedback, Brain hacking

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2016-11-28T02:45:34+00:00

1480054792		current
Line 2:		Line 2:
	{{template>:project:infobox\|		{{template>:project:infobox\|
	name=Biofeedback,\\ Brain hacking\|		name=Biofeedback,\\ Brain hacking\|
-	image=brain.jpg\|	+	image=brain.jpg?200\|
	founder=[[user:ATA]]\|		founder=[[user:ATA]]\|
	interested=[[user:harvie]],\\ [[user:ruza]],\\ [[user:pborky]],\\ [[user:niekt0]], \\ [[user:bluebear]], \\ [[user:lexik]]\|		interested=[[user:harvie]],\\ [[user:ruza]],\\ [[user:pborky]],\\ [[user:niekt0]], \\ [[user:bluebear]], \\ [[user:lexik]]\|
	status=active		status=active
	}}		}}
		+
		+	~~META:
		+	status = active
		+	&relation firstimage = :project:brain.jpg
		+	~~

	The aim of the project is uderstanding how brain works and find various ways to modulate it´s function .		The aim of the project is uderstanding how brain works and find various ways to modulate it´s function .

Transcranial direct current stimulation - tDCS

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2013-04-29T20:05:09+00:00

1365700975	current
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	+	====== Transcranial direct current stimulation - tDCS ======
	+	{{template>../infobox\|
	+	name=Biofeedback,\\ Brain hacking\|
	+	image=brain.jpg\|
	+	founder=[[user:ATA]]\|
	+	interested=[[user:harvie]],\\ [[user:ruza]],\\ [[user:pborky]],\\ [[user:niekt0]]\|
	+	status=active
	+	}}

	+	{{http://www.diytdcs.com/media/petrEarlyTdcs.jpg}}
	+
	+	Transcranial direct current stimulation is a type of nonivasive cortical modulations technique witch use low DC current in order 25-80uA/cm2(more in HD-tdcs) via skalp electrodes to change resitng potentials of neurones.This chanages depend of polarity of stimulation = orintation od el. field to the neurones,the anodal (+) stimulation increases the neuronal excitability and Cathodal (-) neuronal excitability.When positive stimulation causes a depolarization of the resting membrane potential, which increases neuronal excitability and allows for more spontaneous cell firing. When negative stimulation is delivered, the current causes a hyperpolarization of the resting membrane potential. This decreases neuron excitability due to the decreased spontaneous cell firing.TDCS also have neuroplastic effect Anodal tDCS could induce long-term potentiation (LTP) through increased pre-synaptic activity coupled with postsynaptic depolarisation; conversely, cathodal tDCS could induce long-term depression (LTD) through reduced presynaptic discharge and postsynaptic hyperpolarisation.
	+
	+	===== Safety considerations for tDCS =====
	+	Numerous studies verify that low-intensity transcranial stimulation is safe
	+	for use in humans and that it is linked with only rare and relatively minor
	+	adverse effects (Poreisz, Boros, Antal, & Paulus, 2007). tDCS does not
	+	elevate the serum levels of molecular markers of neuronal injury such as
	+	neuron-specific enolase (Nitsche & Paulus, 2001) or N-acetyl-aspartate
	+	(Rango et al., 2008). Furthermore, both contrast-enhanced MRI and
	+	EEG studies have found no pathological changes associated with application
	+	of tDCS (Iyezr et al., 2005; Nitsche, Niehaus et al., 2004).
	+	Additionally, no instances of epileptic seizures caused by tDCS have been
	+	observed in humans (Poreisz et al., 2007). In fact, pulsed transcranial stimulation
	+	has been correlated with an antiepileptic effect in rats (Liebetanz
	+	et al., 2006) and a previous tDCS study in patients with refractory
	+	epilepsy did not show an increase in seizures or EEG-epileptiform discharges
	+	(Fregni, Thome-Souza et al., 2006). The most common side
	+	effects observed with tDCS are mild tingling (70.6%), moderate fatigue
	+	(35.3%), sensations of light itching (30.4%), slight burning (21.6%), and
	+	mild pain (15.7%) under the electrodes (Poreisz et al., 2007).
	+	Less commonly, some subjects report headache (11.8%), trouble concentrating
	+	(10.8%), nausea (2.9%), and sleep disturbances (1.0%) (Poreisz
	+	et al., 2007). Skin lesions in the form of burns following administration of
	+	tDCS have been reported (Palm, 2008). Visual sensations associated with
	+	turning the stimulation on or off have occurred in a small number of
	+	cases, but this can be avoided by slowly changing the current level at the
	+	start and end of stimulation. tDCS delivered at a level of 2 mA and
	+	administered according to current stimulation guidelines (Nitsche, 2008)
	+	has been shown to be safe for use in both healthy volunteers (Iyer et al.,
	+	2005) and patients with neurological injury (Boggio, Nunes et al., 2007).
	+	Using a rat model, researchers investigated the safety limits of extended
	+	cathodal tDCS and found the charge density threshold to be two orders
	+	of magnitude greater than the charge currently administered in humans
	+	(Liebetanz et al., 2009). The safety of tDCS use in pregnant women and
	+	children, however, has not yet been investigated.
	+
	+	======Step bay step way to understaning a tDCS ======
	+	<note important>this part only shows various factors influencing the effect in end you must consider all this factors at once with all its concetivity and dependences </note>
	+
	+	===== Stimulation current =====
	+	In studes you find value 1 or 2 mA but what this tell you about effect of stimulation? Hard trouth is : almoust nothing ,without furteher information is this value useles.You need this value to count other more precize data.
	+
	+	===== Current density on electrodes =====
	+
	+	====What this means, how to count it ====
	+	This means current from the device devided by surface volume of electrodes.Moustly write in this manner uA/cm2 or mA/cm2 in some sudy you may find A/m2.
	+	*uA means 0,001 mA
	+	*to count current desity you need surface area and current
	+	*for istance electrode 6x6cm have 36cm2 surface and with 1mA current source will have a current density 1/36= 0,027mA/cm2 =27uA/cm2
	+	*there are 2.54 cm in one inch, therefore a 1” square electrode is 2.54 cm x 2.54 cm = 6.45 cm2
	+	*electrode size in studies is about 15-100cm2 (for standard tdcs) in most of them 25-35cm2
	+
	+	====Current density in electrode and safety====
	+
	+	Studies have been completed to determine the current density at which overt brain damage occurs in rats. It was found that in cathodal stimulation, a current density of 142.9 A/m2 delivering a charge density of 52400 C/m2 or higher caused a brain lesion in the rat. This is over two orders of magnitude from what is currently being used. (14,2mA/cm2 )
	+	The current density produced by present tDCS protocols ranges between 0.029 and 0.08 mA/cm2.It seem like safety measure not strict limit.Some experimental HD-TDCS to use 500uA/cm2 and test even 2000uA/cm2 withot harm ( but there is necessary to use special electrodes, gels and skin preparation).For normal tDCS is be good not to exceed 80uA/cm2 until be aviable more info about safety.
	+	We must also distinguish dangerous current density for the brain and the skin.
	+	Higher current density does not necessarily mean that the effect will be stronger.
	+	*needed more info about this 14,2mA/cm2 the validity of this information is very limited if we not know precize methdology of measurmnet the change in value can be few orders!!
	+
	+	*i test 318uA/cm2 for 20min (3,14cm2 , 1mA , EKG electrode , skin preparation ) without any poroblem ,skin by sligtly red by increased perfusion , the reddnes is disapear after cca 15min
	+
	+	====Current density in electrode and effect====
	+
	+	Anode +
	+
	+	Brain function under the electrode site is enhanced by roughly 20 to 40% when the electrode current density exceeds 40 µa/cm2 (260 µa/inch2).
	+
	+	Cathode -
	+
	+	reduces brain function under the electrode site by 10 to 30% at the fore-mentioned current density.
	+
	+	*this is very oversimplified !!! read further section for more info
	+	*without information about placemet and size of electrode is this value almosut useless
	+
	+	The brain-stimulating electrode is called the active electrode, whereas the circuit-completing inactive electrode is called the reference electrode. In most of the studies, the reference has been placed over the contralateral orbit (above the left or right eye) to avoid negative effects from it. However, the studies never looked at the inhibiting effects that the reference electrode might have had on the prefrontal lobe. Some recent studies and in particular a study by Nitsche, et al., (2007) show that it is better to have a small stimulating electrode and large reference electrode.
	+	electrodes effect must be considered as a whole, the reference electrode always affect the active one
	+	larger reference electrode minimalize the unwanted effect,current density below 27uA/cm2 is in some studies considered functional unefective.
	+	* this also not entirely true, it is oversimplified read further section for more info
	+	* my recomandation is use for the return electrode current below 20uA if it possible
	+
	+	*Nitsche and Paulus found that a minimum current density of 17 µa/cm2 was needed to excite motor neurons. Studies involving other regions of the brain have suggested that 20 to 25 µa/cm2 are needed to excite neurons under the electrode. One depression study using anodal stimulation at F3 noted alleviated depression using 1 mA into a 35 cm2 electrode (28 µa/cm2). Iyer, et al., observed that when stimulating the left prefrontal cortex there was no effect on verbal fluency with a 1 mA current, but significant improvements at 2 mA (current density of 20 µa/cm2 vs 41 µa/cm2). Two depression studies by Boggio, et al., 2007; Boggio, et al., 2007) also used 2 ma.
	+	* the excite is very vague name i not shure what this means
	+	* is only for electrodes not cortex so the info means only if you use they electrode configuration you see this effects , for other areas and configuration the values may be very different
	+
	+	==== Edge effects ====
	+	The high current density at an electrode edge is generally undesirable for safety reasons and may increase sensation during
	+	transcutaneous stimulation.
	+
	+	==Theory==
	+	study:Cutaneous perception during tDCS: Role of electrode shape and sponge salinity
	+
	+	{{salinity.png?800}}
	+	*WARNING in many studies scientist count wrong so read it carefully
	+	{{count.jpg}}
	+	*if they want it in A/m2 that value is be 0,57 not 0,0057 its be better use 57uA/cm2
	+	*this 0,041A/m2 is in real 4,1A/m2 this means the max in graph is 410uA/cm2 (290uA/cm2,120uA/cm2)
	+
	+
	+
	+	==Practical implications==
	+	*decrease sponge salinity
	+	*avoid sharp edges
	+
	+	==Planned improvements to the device/protocol ==
	+	*rounded edges or circular electrodes
	+	*lower salinity = less cutaneus preception but higher resitance
	+	*idea: electrode isert smaller than sponge can partialy lowering edge effect but higly depen of salinity
	+
	+	=====Current in top of the cortex=====
	+	On with parameters depends current on top of the cortex and how large it is.
	+
	+	After current goes tough skin,skull nad CSF is much lower and homogenous that in electrode
	+
	+	Study:Modeling the current distribution during transcranial direct current stimulation
	+
	+	{{skinandcortex.jpg}}
	+
	+	*its a very simplistic spherical surfaces model this limits its acurracy
	+	*look at current density due the edge effect of electrode is in cornes as high as 350uA/cm2 ,in cortex is max 14uA/cm2
	+
	+
	+	Study:Transcranial direct current stimulation: A computer-based human model study
	+
	+	{{tissues.jpg}}
	+	* *100=in uA/cm2
	+	* good only for basic idea
	+	* its showes some max not normal counted form area and current (max 79 nor 28 uA/cm2 on skin)
	+
	+
	+	Role of size and imput current to current density on top of cortex
	+
	+	Study :What does the ratio of injected current to electrode area tell us about current density in the brain during tDCS?
	+
	+	[[http://brmlab.cz/_media/project/brain_hacking/role_of_size_and_imput_current_to_current_density_on_top_of_cortex_-_simple.odt\|Role of size and imput current to current density on top of cortex - notes]]
	+	*only very basic model ,but good for understanding principes
	+
	+	== Shunting ==
	+	Large part of current is shunted by skin and also by lower level by skull and CSF.
	+	The ammount of current reaching cortex is depend of current density on electrodes its sizes and placements nad also of skin a skull thickenes.
	+	Current models dount count with skull anisotropy of conductivnes becouse is very hard get data for this model by MRI (it posible use CT).
	+	* individual male scalp and skull thickness variation, which can be as high as 58% and
	+	34% of the average, resulted in up to 76% and 20% changes of the
	+	peak brain E-field, respectively
	+
	+	Study: Study:Transcranial direct current stimulation: A computer-based human model study
	+
	+	{{placement.jpg}}
	+
	+	{{shunting.jpg}}
	+	*shunting value means how many times is current in the cortex lower than in skin
	+	*To quantify the shunting effect, we divided
	+	the average maximum skin current density by the maximum
	+	cortical current density, where the average maximum skin current
	+	density was defined as the current density magnitude on the skin
	+	for which at least 0.5 cm2 in area was covered and which was
	+	not confined to the electrode boundary edge effects
	+
	+
	+	Basic rules (for orintational values look to studies)
	+
	+	*smaller electrode have = more shunting
	+	*electrode close together = more shunting
	+
	+	From one test:
	+	Electrode density in the cortex, i try to count difference of current density with this configuration nad standart 35cm2 pads (its only orientational)
	+	EKG electrode 3,14cm2 ,1mA , 318uA/cm2 ,+ on L-DLPFC and - on FT10 (left temporal below the hairline)
	+
	+	Role of size
	+	*normal 8,7uA/cm2
	+	*HD 21,5uA/cm2
	+	Inresiting is current desity on electrode is be 11,21x higher but current density on top of the cortex only 2,47x
	+	This also means the current density is be the same like in 2,5mA with standart 35cm2 pads.
	+	* The accuracy of these data is limited by several assumptions that were built into the model, such as the layered spherical geometry and the conductivity values used. However, since we are only calculating ratios (e.g., by what factor should the current be reduced when the electrode area is halved) as opposed to absolute values (e.g., what is the current density value at the target point), the results should not depend too strongly on those assumptions
	+
	+	Shunting
	+	*only a very rude aproximation
	+	*normal 8-9 uA/cm2 max
	+	*HD 12-13uA/cm2 max
	+
	+	If we consider size and shunting effect the current density will be only 1,5 higher than in standart 1mA/35cm2
	+
	+	==Implants==
	+	In discusions on the net is apper idea use some implants to tDCS.There is many options easiest is usage of microdermal implant materil is may be problem ,titan is seem posile but need testing.From my point of view is adventages not overcome the risks in sub dermal implant is be focality the same.Another options (my idea) is drill hole to the skull but not whole way trught pus some lectrode in nad isolator of top of it this is may increase focality and lowering needed current.Last option requied electron direcly in brain or in top of it hereis risk much grater.Probably best in this case is be used some electrode array.Device can have inductive recharge or contact on the skin.Main problem is infamatory response from body cause bad healing and need to remove implant and many others.So in short is posible but current state is not worth a risk becouse wee not know much about effect of stimulation yet.
	+
	+	==Hi-frequenci currents ,inereference currents ==
	+	*need more close look to it , if it work may provide better targeting, deeper stimulatin and large reduce in skin iritation.
	+	*betrer for CES than for tDCS
	+
	+
	+	=====Current distribution in the brain =====
	+	In previous part we considered cortex mainly like a plane and white matter like have same conductivyty on all places for uderstanding next parts we needed more precize models,i start with easiest less complex/acurate ones.
	+
	+	==== Cortex folding ====
	+	Know folding is very important becouse change the current distirbution and effect of tDCS mainly depends on orientation of neuronal structures to the DC vector .
	+	For now is not looking good for DIY tDCS projects this sentence desciping problem prety well:
	+	Individual variability of the human cerebral cortex is a source of both fascination and frustration.
	+
	+	*Folding patterns are relatively consistent in some regions (e.g.,the central sulcus) and much more variable in other, regions, including much of prefrontal and parieto-temporal cortex.
	+
	+	{{http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Gray726.png}}
	+	*main sulci map
	+
	+	{{http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/997/flashcards/1355997/jpg/central_sulcus1336398738694.jpg}}
	+	*central sulcus , motor cortex
	+
	+	{{http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v11/n6/images/nrn2833-f1.jpg}}
	+	*M1 area 4 position in the sulcus (usefull for radial/tangental field optimalization)
	+
	+	==Interidividual variabality==
	+	{{http://brainvisa.info/demo/externe50.jpg}}
	+	*50 brains of the ICBM database processed by BrainVISA after alignement in Talairach space
	+	*some part is more variable than other this info cam be used to aproximate the field orintation to neurones on this areas
	+
	+	I searching for more maps of folding variabylity
	+
	+	==Averaged MRI models==
	+	Give only very limited info , if be better to compare many subject MRI and look for similarity nad variablity (idelay find models of this variabylity).
	+
	+	==Individual MRI model==
	+	Best is be have personal MRI model this give info about folding and also skull and skin thickness.For DIYers is imposible scan MRI but there is a option at least in EU if you participate in some research you have right to get data of your own scans.
	+	[[http://sumsdb.wustl.edu:8081/sums/index.jsp\|SumsDB (Surface Management System Database) and WebCaret Online Visualization]]
	+	[[http://www.brainmap.org/ \|BrainMap fMRI database]]
	+
	+
	+	*new problems:area/folding,area size variability,folding fuction changes,connectional variability
	+
	+	*Probably ends up with trail and error style for eatch subject. :(
	+
	+	==== White matter conductivity anisotrophy ====
	+	New models must count with anisotrophy of conductivyty of white matter caused by neuronal fibers
	+	to measure this is used technique called Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) its a kind of MRI in some papeer
	+	named also DT-MRI.
	+
	+	{{http://csci.ucsd.edu/images/DTI.jpg}}
	+	{{http://users.loni.ucla.edu/~narr/images/dti_tracts_fa_sm.jpg}}
	+
	+	The current flow
	+	generally follows the path of least electrical impedance. Consequently,
	+	compared to the isotropic model, current flow along theWMfibers
	+	in the anisotropic model is denser and follows the fiber orientation. In
	+	some cases the channeling of current along WM fiber tracts increases
	+	the local E-field strength, but in other cases this effect is offset by the
	+	lower impedance along the fibers, leading to reduced E-field strength.
	+	The current may steer away from segments of increased impedance
	+	resulting from the passage of WM fibers perpendicular to the current
	+	flow. However, when current comes across wide stretches of fibers
	+	perpendicular to its flow, the current cannot steer away and is forced
	+	to cross this high impedance barrier, resulting in high E-field magnitude.
	+	Thus, increased E-field strength in the anisotropic model compared
	+	to the isotropic model can result from either concentration of
	+	current flow along WM fibers that is not offset by the low impedance
	+	along the fibers, or from increased impedance for current flow perpendicular
	+	to WM fiber.
	+	*the same is be for cortex neurones orintation (fibers is smaller but current higher)
	+
	+
	+	=====Computational models =====
	+	more info about variables in and of this study:
	+	Regional electric field induced by electroconvulsive therapy in a realistic finite
	+	element head model: Influence of white matter anisotropic conductivity
	+
	+	[[http://soterixmedical.com/software.php\|HDTargets]] (comercial)
	+
	+	[[http://bonsai.neuralengr.com/\|Bonsai]] (write them they send back password)
	+
	+
	+	=== Metods ===
	+	The spherical and simplified geometry models do not fully account for tissue inhomogeneity and
	+	anisotropy, and the complex geometries of head tissues, including orifices in the skull such as the auditory canals and the orbits.
	+
	+
	+	==Concentric sheres models==
	+
	+	==low-resolution realistically-shaped representations==
	+
	+	==MRI based models==
	+
	+	==MRI and DTI based models==
	+	[[http://hbil.bme.columbia.edu/wp-content/themes/HBIL_MJP/publications/373.pdf\|Regional Electric Field Induced by Electroconvulsive Therapy:
	+	A Finite Element Simulation Study]]
	+
	+	{{ect_800ma.jpg?950}}
	+	*its ECT not tDCS but current ditribution may be the same only field density is be much lower
	+	*they used MRI+DTI :) but here is big limitations of this study :( electrodes as point sources ,MRI was only acquired for the portion of the head
	+	*can good model but this is very limited they dount read how large effect is have size and palace elctrode to shunting and current to the cortex,also lower shunting by partial head model not add much to acuracy
	+
	+	[[http://example.com\|Regional electric field induced by electroconvulsive therapy in a realistic finite
	+	element head model: Influence of white matter anisotropic conductivity]]
	+	{{ect2.jpg}}
	+	{{ect3.jpg}}
	+	*800mA (5 cm diameter),(2.5 cm×6.3 cm),(2 cm diameter)
	+	*data was only acquired for the portion of the head
	+	above the level of the auditory canal
	+	*despite the higher current density in CSF-filled structures, the E-field magnitude there is relatively
	+	low (blue color) due to the high conductivity.
	+
	+	studies to find:
	+	Our and other groups have previously incorporated tissue anisotropic
	+	conductivity in models of electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography
	+	(Gullmar et al., 2006, 2010; Hallez et al., 2008,
	+	2009; Haueisen et al., 2002; Kim et al., 2003; Lee et al., 2008, 2009a;
	+	Marin et al., 1998; Rullmann et al., 2009;Wolters et al., 2006), transcranial
	+	direct current stimulation (tDCS) (Lee et al., 2009b; Oostendorp et
	+	al., 2008; Suh et al., 2009, 2010), deep brain stimulation (Butson et al.,
	+	2007), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) (De Lucia et al., 2007;
	+	Thielscher et al., 2011), and electrical impedance tomography (Abascal
	+	et al., 2008). These studies demonstrate that anisotropic conductivity of
	+	the brain tissue can have a non-negligible effect on the electromagnetic
	+	field solutions.
	+
	+	Rescaling the current from Sadleir et al.'s (2010) and Parazzini et al.'s
	+	(2011) anatomically-realistic tDCSmodels and converting current density
	+	to E-field strength, the average of their reported median values is
	+	2.5 V/cmand 2.7 V/cm, respectively.
	+
	+
	+
	+	=== Information ===
	+	==Current==
	+	A/m2 ,mA/cm2 ,uA/cm2
	+
	+	==Field ==
	+	V/m ,V/cm
	+	study comparing head models for TMS found a ~51% increase of the maximum
	+	E-field strength in the anatomically-realistic model compared
	+	to simplified spherical models (
	+	==Orientation==
	+
	+
	+	=====Focality of stimulation=====
	+
	+	Stimulation Site
	+
	+	p0225 The location of the electrode placement in tDCS is critically important
	+	because placement of the electrodes in different areas will result in distribution
	+	of current density to those respective areas of the brain. Indeed,
	+	imaging studies confirm that the polarizing effects of tDCS are generally
	+	restricted to the area under the electrodes (Nitsche, Liebetanz et al., 2003;
	+	Nitsche, Niehaus et al., 2004). Stimulation of motor cortex (M1), occipital
	+	cortex (V1), somatosensory cortices, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
	+	all have been shown to deliver site-specific and differential effects on a
	+	gamut of cognitive, behavioral, psychosomatic, and electrophysiological
	+	tests (Zaghi et al., 2010).Additionally, some evidence suggests that tDCS can have highly focal
	+	effects. In a study examining the combined effects of tDCS and peripheral
	+	nerve stimulation, Uy and Ridding (2003) optimized (using TMS) the
	+	site of tDCS for the first dorsal interosseous muscle and observed significant
	+	excitability changes for this muscle, but not the nearby abductor digiti
	+	minimi and flexor carpi ulnaris muscles (Uy & Ridding, 2003). A
	+	recent modeling study, however, has suggested that electric current might
	+	actually have its peak between the two electrodes (Datta et al., 2009).
	+
	+	For example,
	+	anodal tDCS of premotor cortex increases the excitability of the ipsilateral
	+
	+	*find studies and look at focality motor cortex (Boros, Poreisz, Munchau, Paulus, & Nitsche, 2008), and
	+	stimulation of the primary motor cortex has inhibitory effects on contralateral
	+	motor areas (Vines, Cerruti, & Schlaug, 2008). This supports the notion
	+	that tDCS has a functional effect not only on the underlying corticospinal
	+	excitability but also on distant neural networks (Nitsche et al., 2005).
	+
	+	Indeed, fMRI studies reveal that although tDCS has the most activating
	+	effect on the underlying cortex (Kwon et al., 2008), the stimulation provokes
	+	sustained and widespread changes in other regions of the brain as well
	+	(Lang et al., 2005). EEG studies support these findings, showing that stimulation
	+	of a particular area (e.g., frontal cortex) induces changes to oscillatory
	+	activity that are synchronous throughout the brain (Ardolino, Bossi,
	+	Barbieri, & Priori, 2005; Marshall, Molle, Hallschmid, & Born, 2004).
	+	p0235 Hence, this evidence suggests that the effects of DC stimulation are
	+	site-specific but not site-limited. That is, stimulation of one area will
	+	likely have effects on other areas, most probably via networks of interneuronal
	+	circuits (Lefaucheur, 2008). This phenomenon is not surprising
	+	given the neuroanatomic complexity of the brain, but it raises interesting
	+	questions as to: (1) how the effects are transmitted; and (2) whether the
	+	observed clinical effects (e.g., pain alleviation) are mediated primarily
	+	through the area of the cortex being stimulated or secondarily via activation
	+	or inhibition of other cortical or sub-cortical structures (Boggio,
	+	Zaghi, & Fregni, 2009; Boggio, Zaghi, Lopes et al., 2008). For instance
	+	Roche et al. (2009) demonstrated that anodal tDCS of the motor cortex
	+	modifies excitability at the level of the spinal cord by showing that tDCS
	+	increases reflexive inhibition directed from the extensor carpi radialis to
	+	flexor carpi radialis, which is mediated by inhibitory interneurons located
	+	in the spinal cord (Roche, Lackmy, Achache, Bussel, & Katz, 2009).
	+	Therefore, observed clinical effects from tDCS might be explained by
	+	changes to several possible regions in the central nervous system (see
	+	Table 12.1 for a summary of the effects of varying parameters of tDCS).
	+
	+
	+
	+	standart vs HD-tDCS focality
	+	{{youtube>VX1OGyQbG6o?medium}}
	+	{{youtube>snTRhY4uBgw?medium}}
	+
	+	=====Neurones=====
	+	Radman et al. (2009) in rat cortical neurons suggests that the soma of layer
	+	V pyramidal cells are individually most sensitive to polarization by optimally
	+	oriented subthreshold fields. Moreover, Radman et al. (2009) also
	+	reveal that cortical layer V/VI neurons had the lowest absolute action
	+	potential thresholds. This suggests that while the electric field induced by
	+	tDCS likely has sensitizing effects at the dendrites of neurons in all six cortical
	+	layers (Radman, Datta, Ramos, Brumberg, & Bikson, 2009), it is
	+	the soma of the neurons in layers Vand VI that are most susceptible to the
	+	polarizing and excitability modulating effects of tDCS (Radman, Ramos,
	+	Brumberg, & Bikson, 2009).
	+
	+	===TESHOLD===
	+	As a reference point, cortical current density
	+	magnitudes are far lower than action potential thresholds: 0.079 to
	+	0.20 A/m2 induced by tDCS as compared to 22 to 275 A/m2 required to
	+	trigger an action potential (Tehovnik, 1996).
	+	*7,9-20uA/cm2 vs 220-2750uA/cm2
	+
	+	===Orientation===
	+	Orientation of neuronal structures relative to the DC vector that determines the effect of tDCS.
	+	spike depend on axonal orientation relative to the electric field vector. Axonal orientation determines whether the DC field is excitatory or inhibitory and dendritic orientation affects the magnitude, but not the overall direction, of the DC effect. These data suggest that tDCS may oppositely affect neurons in a stimulated cortical volume if these neurons are excited by oppositely orientated axons in a constant electrical field.
	+	*TODO: find whole study:
	+	Contribution of axonal orientation to pathway-dependent modulation of excitatory transmission by direct current stimulation in isolated rat hippocampu
	+
	+
	+	=====Non-neuronal=====
	+	Astrocyte theory:
	+
	+	As a second – not contradictory – hypothesis, we would like to
	+	propose the following speculation. While it is true that tDCS affects
	+	the electrical properties of neurons, it could also affect the electrical
	+	properties of astrocytes. Astrocytes greatly outnumber neurons and
	+	occupy 25–50% of brain volume, so it is conceivable that they can be
	+	polarized by tDCS. Astrocytes play a pivotal role in the regulation of
	+	rCBF and its coupling with neuronal activity (Gordon et al., 2008;
	+	Koehler et al., 2009). Recently, astrocytes have been proposed to also
	+	play a role in long-term changes in synaptic efficacy and neurotransmitter
	+	(glutamate) release (Perea and Araque, 2007). Astrocytes are
	+	strongly coupled to one another by gap junctions. Such communication
	+	is believed to mediate the coordinated action of adjacent
	+	individual cells and equalizes their intracellular ion concentrations.
	+	Application of direct current over distant parts of the brain can
	+	polarize the strongly interconnected astrocyte network. Therefore,
	+	astrocytes could play an important role in the mechanisms of the tDCS
	+	after-effects in the human brain
	+
	+	=====Connections =====
	+	For determinatin effect of tDCS we must consider not only areas where electric field affect neurones but also connections from this areas to other part of brain.
	+	Large neuronal bundles its posible find by DT-MRI but this not enought we also need to know how affect each other its is concetion inbitory ,excitaory or bouth nad other more complex dependeces.
	+
	+	{{http://www.nonlinearbiomedphys.com/content/figures/1753-4631-4-S1-S9-2-l.jpg?900}}
	+	{{http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/loom/files/prevsite/monkey%20cortex.001.jpg}}
	+	{{:project:brain_hacking:fullbraintake2_s.png}}
	+
	+	http://interstitiality.net/BD/brainEngDiagram.html
	+
	+	video conectome :
	+	{{youtube>CySDbTH46P4?medium}}
	+	{{youtube>_oTEhFAAARE?medium}}
	+
	+	==Intracortical Inhibition and Facilitation==
	+
	+	With regard to intra-tDCS excitability changes, they found that anodal
	+	tDCS did not induce cortical inhibition or facilitation, while cathodal
	+	tDCS reduced facilitation. For the short-lasting after-effects, they found
	+	that anodal tDCS reduced inhibition and enhanced facilitation, while
	+	cathodal tDCS enhanced inhibition and reduced facilitation. Finally, for
	+	the long-lasting after-effects anodal tDCS decreased inhibition for ISIs of
	+	3 ms, while cathodal tDCS increased inhibition at ISIs of 2 ms and 5 ms.
	+	Though for long-lasting effects the ISI of 15 ms condition did not show
	+	modified facilitation, anodal tDCS increased facilitation at ISI of 10 ms,
	+	while cathodal tDCS reduced facilitation.
	+	p0260 These results suggest that intracortical inhibition and facilitation can
	+	be modified by tDCS. For the short-lasting and long-lasting effects,
	+	anodal tDCS can increase facilitation and decrease inhibition, while cathodal
	+	tDCS can produce the opposite effect. While intra-tDCS facilitatory
	+	effects are not observed for anodal stimulation, they are decreased for
	+	cathodal stimulation.
	+	*more in article
	+
	+	==Transcallosal Inhibition==
	+
	+	Fregni et al. (2005) investigated whether reduction of activity in the unaffected
	+	hemisphere by cathodal tDCS would result in improved motor performance
	+	due to decreased transcallosal inhibition. Indeed, they found that
	+	cathodal stimulation of the unaffected hemisphere, as well as anodal
	+	stimulation of the affected hemisphere, significantly improved motor
	+	performance compared to sham tDCS (Fregni, Boggio, Mansur et al.,
	+	2005). In a recent study of healthy subjects, Williams, Pascual-Leone,
	+	and Fregni (2010) combined bilateral motor cortex tDCS with contralateral
	+	hand restraint of the dominant hand. When comparing active
	+	stimulation to sham stimulation, they found a decrease in cortical excitability
	+	in the dominant hemisphere and a decrease in transcallosal
	+	inhibition from the dominant hemisphere to the non-dominant hemisphere.
	+	The decrease in transcallosal inhibition correlated with motor
	+	performance enhancement in the non-dominant hand (Williams et al.,
	+	2010).
	+	*more in study
	+
	+	===Functional neuroanatomy + concetions===
	+	[[http://zlab.rutgers.edu/modules/teaching/docs/behaviorCogNeuro/PFC-4-04.pdf\|THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX
	+	Connections]]
	+
	+	{{http://dericbownds.net/uploaded_images/prefrontalstress.png}}
	+	[[http://mindblog.dericbownds.net/2009/06/stress-pathways-that-impair-prefrontal.html\|External Link]]
	+
	+
	+	{{http://ars.sciencedirect.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0301008211000025-gr1.jpg}}
	+	[[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301008211000025\|External Link]]
	+
	+
	+
	+	{{http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0889159108000032-gr1.jpg}}
	+	[[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889159108000032\|External Link]]
	+
	+
	+
	+	[[http://focus.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?articleid=52854\|External Link]]
	+
	+
	+	{{http://emotion.nsma.arizona.edu/Emotion/EmoRes/Neuro/Circuit/gray.gif}}
	+	[[http://emotion.nsma.arizona.edu/Emotion/EmoRes/Neuro/Circuit/Gray.html\|External Link]]
	+
	+
	+	{{http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v10/n9/images/nrn2667-f4.jpg}}
	+	[[http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v10/n9/fig_tab/nrn2667_F4.html\|External Link]]
	+
	+	=====Effect on neurochemistry=====
	+	*Ion Channel Conductance and NMDA-Receptors
	+	*Neurotransmitters : GABA, Glutamate, and Dopamine
	+	*Changes to Oxyhemoglobin Concentration
	+	*Alterations to Membrane Phospholipids
	+
	+	Effect on GABA and Glut
	+
	+	study:
	+	[[http://www.jneurosci.org/content/29/16/5202.full.pdf+html\|Polarity-Sensitive Modulation of Cortical Neurotransmitters
	+	by Transcranial Stimulation]]
	+
	+	notes:
	+	The different neurochemical
	+	changes observed anodal stimulation
	+	and cathodal stimulation suggest that the excitatory
	+	effects of anodal tDCS are mediated at least in part by a
	+	reduction in GABAergic inhibition in addition to the NMDAreceptor
	+	dependency previously demonstrated , while the inhibitory effects of
	+	cathodal tDCS are mediated by reduction in excitatory glutamatergic
	+	neurotransmission.
	+
	+
	+	====Effect on neural networks in area ====
	+
	+	== Role of ongoing activity,tasks ==
	+
	+
	+	======= Information =======
	+
	+
	+	[[http://brmlab.cz/_media/project/brain_hacking/tdcs_basic_info.odt\|tDCS basic info]]
	+
	+	[[https://clinicalresearchlearning.adobeconnect.com/_a1029693963/p9c2yu065w6/?launcher=false&fcsContent=true&pbMode=normal\|Introduction to transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Course,
	+	March 17, 2011
	+	tDCS Dose
	+	(and how models can help)
	+	Marom Bikson]]+[[http://bme.engr.ccny.cuny.edu/people/faculty/bikson/Marom_Bikson_2012-BostontDCScourse.pdf\|slides]]
	+
	+
	+	[[http://www.ulozto.net/xJy2Cmz/building-tdcs-odt\|Construction of tDCS]](still not complete )
	+	*update: donut use aluminimum electrode , best is carbon TENS ,TENS with hydrogel is usable
	+
	+	[[http://brmlab.cz/_media/project/brain_hacking/stimulation_protocol.odt\|Aplication of tDCS]]
	+
	+	[[http://brmlab.cz/_media/project/brain_hacking/tdcs_usage_notes.odt\|Posible usage]]
	+
	+	[[http://www.ulozto.net/xhVi4ER/electrodes-odt\|electrodes]]
	+
	+	Links to full text articles: http://www.growing.com/mind/tDCS/index.htm
	+	http://www.trans-cranial.com/research/ [[http://thepiratebay.se/torrent/7138060/tDCS\|torrent from reddit ]]
	+
	+
	+	{{tdcs.jpg?800}}
	+
	+	{{tdcs2.jpg?400}} {{tdcs3.jpg?400}}
	+
	+	*this is picture of old version newer is on manual ,electrodes size and poisition is count only for electrode current density not for current density in the brain and fieled orintation.I working on new better model.
	+
	+
	+	======= Aplications : =======
	+	For long term use must be considered side effect form reference electrode and current path in the brain (and many more) ,poreblem is clinical studies didnt look for this effects.
	+
	+	====PREFRONTAL CORTEX====
	+	[[https://brmlab.cz/project/brain_hacking/tdcs/pfc]]
	+
	+	==== L-DLPFC ====
	+
	+	{{http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Brodmann_area_46_animation_small.gif/120px-Brodmann_area_46_animation_small.gif}}
	+
	+	*depression
	+	*memory
	+	*attention
	+	*emotional pain
	+	*[[http://brmlab.cz/project/brain_hacking/ld2\|Lucid dreaming]]
	+	*conscious modulation of preception filtres and limbic system
	+
	+	==== Motor cortex ====
	+
	+	{{http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Brodmann_area_4_animation_small.gif/120px-Brodmann_area_4_animation_small.gif}}
	+	{{http://www.nature.com/npp/journal/v37/n1/thumbs/npp2011225f1th.jpg}}
	+	*pain
	+	*improve motor learning
	+	{{youtube>Pj2hGFBPmfY?medium}}
	+	*look how unfocal standart tDCS is clinicians wrongly suppouse max density uder the anode (standart motor cotex placemet)
	+
	+	==== Somatosensory cortex ====
	+
	+	{{http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Postcentral_gyrus.gif/220px-Postcentral_gyrus.gif}}
	+	*enchacmet od somatosensory preception
	+
	+	==== TPJ (gyrus angularis) ====
	+	{{http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Brodmann_area_39.png/250px-Brodmann_area_39.png}}
	+	*body preception
	+	*out of body experience
	+
	+	==== Left and right anterior temporal lobe ====
	+	*[[http://brmlab.cz/project/brain_hacking/savant\|Savant abilites]]
	+
	+
	+
	+	======== Device ========
	+
	+	== More precize current setup==
	+
	+	*potentimeter + ammeter
	+
	+	==Ramping==
	+
	+	*trimmer
	+	*capacitor
	+
	+	==PC on/off control==
	+
	+	optocoupler
	+
	+	==Automatic ramping ==
	+
	+	==PC setup==
	+
	+	==HD-tDCS==
	+
	+	==PC controlled universal neurostimulator ==
	+
	+	==HD-tDCS gels and electrodes==
	+
	+	Definition of problem==
	+	How to make HD-tDCS device and what electrodes and gels use ?
	+
	+	EKG electrode
	+
	+	est of EKG elctrodes resistance
	+	With my multimettr is imposible mesure it directly so must measure volatge nad current and count the resitaence.
	+
	+	I test it in my 18V tDCS
	+
	+	EKG electrode S = 3,14 cm2
	+
	+
	+	worst case scenarios
	+
	+	1. 2times resused EKG electrode and no skin prepation - in mastoid pacement
	+	*I=100uA U=17,75V I=32uA/cm2 R=200kOhm feeling - nothing
	+
	+	2. 3resused EKG electrode and no skin prepation - DLPFC pacement
	+	*I=50uA U=17,75V I=16uA/cm2 R=355kOhm feeling - nothing
	+
	+
	+	best case scenario
	+
	+	1. New elctrodes + skin preparation(wash,degreased ,slight abrasion,slght wet) DLPFC placement
	+	I=2,6mA I=826uA/cm2 R=below 7kOhm
	+	device be setup for 2,6mA current density be pretty high turn it off right after I read data
	+	senstation -twitching muscele and strong fosfen in start slight burning sensation.
	+	Effects slight mood imporvement ,no rednnes in the skin.
	+
	+	EKG electrode problem i do some test with EKG electrode 3,14cm2 ,1mA , 318uA/cm2 ,+ on L-DLPFC and - on FT10 (left temporal below the hairline)
	+	I try severel things one of them is usage of high current density in electrode 318uA/cm2 , this is show no problem if i rmap is slowly i feel needles on a skin for about 20s and after this nothing(skin been prepared before put electrode).
	+
	+	I left electrode stick to head for 24h and try another stimulation i be curious about waht do skin below electrodes and how sweting and other thiong change function.A ramp it up and strat feel needles so i lowering it down try little adjust electrode contact in tect try is be better but still the feeling start before
	+	reach full current.I use setup for about 6min in lower current (without feeling).Resul of this test shows something is wrong and alectrode have bad contact.
	+
	+	Examinatin of electrodes cathode lost color normaly is back noe have metal color gel have brown color and little bump maybe bubble.Anode looks normal.
	+	This is a problem i plan use Ag/AgCl disk or whole ekg elctrode as HD-TDCS this electrochmicl decompositions means i need use other type.The lectrode is been used for about 25min with large current density with lower can be this effect slower.Theoreticly electrode may work afther this prety weel and problem be probably caused by little bump (different gel my help) and sweting . Some Ag iont maybe go to skin but this is no poroblem maximaly i turn blue (like some guy used to much coloidal silver) the steal below Ag coating may act as electrode weel but the bubble/bump is a large problem its posible it lowering contact area to the skin nad chnged current didtribution in the gell. After test is skin uder lectrodes little red this disapears aftef about 15mins redness is be higher uder catode.
	+
	+
	+	==10/10 placemet or better targeting==
	+	==Definition of problem==
	+	How to find specific location ?
	+	How to make a 10/10 precize electrode cap?
	+
	+	Theory
	+	[[project:brain_hacking:eeg\|]] (10/10 EEG placement)
	+
	+	[[project:brain_hacking:broadmannarea\|]]
	+
	+	[[project:brain_hacking:electrode cap\|]]
	+
	+
	+
	+	======= TESTING : =======
	+
	+	==== Subjective testing ====
	+
	+	=== Normal - only turn it on and wait for effect ===
	+	For me the most important first to determine whether it has any noticeable effect on my consciousness, even if it be only a placebo. If I get effect will be the next phase - more scientific testing.
	+	<note important> not scientific method,its a purely subjective measurement </note>
	+
	+	TEST 1
	+	*(In fact about 40s but previous tests were from an earlier apparatus and/or were not documented)
	+	* 20 min stimulation of DLPFC (t 0-20)
	+	*25.10 2011 17:06 - 00:36
	+
	+	At the beginning (t -270-0) i was tired poor concentration and stiff neck .My situation is continuously improved in the course of stimulation
	+	i was more aware of surroundings and body ,my concentration improved,fatigue disappeared bud my neck is still little stiff.About 2 mins after stimulation i was almost back in same state that there in the begining.Notice the red line is the stress in the body (mostly stress hormones and negative emotion part of limbic sistem)they block the increase of alertness and it may also start feedback loop leading to fatigue and depression. Small amount of it is enough to block an increase in awerness above normal levels only a strong stimulation overcomes thers effect.
	+	Only way out is stop their production and start cleaning , tDCS do this job for us.After all the stress from the body disappeared awerness began to rise again and a lot more than before .In t 160 very fast change of perception and i began to smile.Production of stress is at 0 maybe this made the change -more research needed . t 180 I smile a lot ,i more aware colors are colorful shapes sharper and the world and somehow more interesting . No I'm not on drugs only tDCS :).Data ends at t+180 i must go to sleep.
	+
	+	{{test1a.jpg?800}}
	+
	+	{{test1b.jpg?800}}
	+	hups litle problem with smooth lines in the graph
	+
	+
	+	TEST 2
	+	*26.10 17:07 - 22.30
	+	* 30 min 1mA L-DLPFC
	+
	+	I have added measurements of reaction time, not very reliable but at least something for next time find a better program for masuring it.
	+	[[http://www.humanbenchmark.com/tests/reactiontime/index.php]]
	+	*raction time average of 10 trials in ms
	+	*next time explore the strange peaks in production of stress ,part of stres possible from reaction time test.
	+
	+	{{stimulation-learning.jpg}}
	+
	+	only for distinguish whether these are stimulating effect or just a learning curve
	+
	+	{{test2.jpg?800}}
	+
	+	Best post tDCS (not in graph because only 5 trials )
	+	average 182.2 ms.
	+
	+	*190
	+	*191
	+	*164
	+	*187
	+	*179
	+
	+	{{test2b.jpg}}
	+
	+	Testing reaction time in the morning it went much better than yesterday. Probably thanks to the consolidation of memory / learning, or perhaps long-term effect tDCS (need more data).
	+	*best hit was 142ms
	+
	+	TO DO
	+
	+	=== Blind - if i dont know its turn on or off ===
	+	*find best protocol
	+	*make version with extrenal switch
	+	*find someone to control it
	+
	+	==== Objective testing ====
	+	* Find methods:
	+	* cognitive and other tests[[http://brainworkshop.sourceforge.net/\|Brain Workshop - a Dual N-Back game]] [[http://pebl.sourceforge.net/battery.html\|The PEBL Psychological Test Battery]][[http://www.quantified-mind.com/\|quantified-mind]]
	+	* measurment EEG,GSR,EKG,EMG,RESP..
	+
	+	fNIRS [[http://www.biomed.drexel.edu/fnir/CONQUER/fNIR_Publications_files/J%20Merzagora%20-%202010%20-%20Neuroimage.pdf\|Prefrontal hemodynamic changes produced by anodal direct current stimulation]]
	+	* (A-active 0,28uA/cm2 A-Fp1 C-Fp2 10min+16s 8s ramp,B-sham 30s+16ds ramp(8+8))
	+	* {{fnirs.jpg}}
	+
	+
	+
	+
	+
	+	======LINKS======
	+	[[http://www.diytdcs.com/\|diytdcs blog]]
	+	[[http://www.reddit.com/r/tDCS/ \|reddit ]]
	+	[[http://www.longecity.org/forum/topic/50076-tdcs-thread/page__st__30__gopid__502747#entry502747\|longecity forum]]
	+	[[http://www.facebook.com/groups/103336379799766/]]
	+
	+	===== Comercial devices links =====
	+	[[http://soterixmedical.com/tdcs.php\|soterixmedical]]
	+	[[http://www.trans-cranial.com/products/order.phptrans-cranial\|trans-cranial]]
	+	[[http://www.neuroconn.de/dc-stimulator_en/\|neuroconn]]
	+	[[http://neuroelectrics.com/sites/neuroelectrics.com/files/brochures/Starstim.pdf\|Starstim]]
	+
	+
	+	===== Updates =====
	+
	+	21.3 some new info for lucid dream induction poroject
	+	*5Hz anodal theta-tDCS on F3 in REM induce incerease in gamma band similar to that measured in lucid dreams
	+
	+	----
	+
	+
	+
	+
	+
	+
	+	----
	+	7.5 notes after closer study i move this to texts document and propper parts of site
	+	[[http://macopscomments.mac-ops.com/AuthorFTPAnnotate/macops/CBD/10-ELS-OXF/pageproof/Rosenfeld1610541/CH004/CH004_PM.pdf\|Neurophysiological Effects of
	+	Transcranial Direct Current
	+	Stimulation]]
	+
	+	TIME
	+	5- and 7-minute tDCS results in after-effects lasting for no longer than
	+	5 minutes, 9- to 13- minute tDCS results in after-effects lasting from 30 to
	+	90 minutes, respectively (Nitsche & Paulus, 2001). Therefore, when we
	+	discuss electrophysiological effects of tDCS it is important to distinguish
	+	between: (1) immediate effects (e.g., anodal tDCS as excitatory, cathodal
	+	tDCS as inhibitory); and (2) the after-effects of stimulation (e.g., facilitation
	+	vs. inhibition of activity) as they may be related to different mechanisms
	+	of action (e.g., membrane vs. synaptic mechanisms).
	+	*probably 1mA/35cm2
	+
	+	REPEATING
	+	While the above neurophysiological studies only examined variation
	+	in duration of a single session of tDCS, behavioral evidence suggests that
	+	repeating sessions of tDCS over several consecutive days can enhance the
	+	effects of tDCS as well (Boggio, Nunes et al., 2007). Boggio et al. (2007)
	+	examined improvement of motor performance in stroke patients following
	+	four weekly sessions of tDCS and five consecutive daily sessions of
	+	tDCS. In both experimental paradigms, they found significant motor
	+	function improvement after either cathodal tDCS of the unaffected hemisphere
	+	or anodal tDCS of the affected hemisphere when compared to
	+	sham tDCS. Importantly, while they did not find a significant cumulative
	+	effect associated with weekly sessions of tDCS, consecutive daily sessions
	+	of tDCS were associated with significant improvement over time that was
	+	sustained for 2 weeks after treatment. Future neurophysiological studies
	+	should confirm whether the neuromodulatory effects of tDCS could
	+	indeed be enhanced by consecutive daily sessions.
	+
	+
	+
	+
	+
	+	Cortical Silent Period
	+	*info in study , no current data
	+
	+	Paired-Associative Stimulation
	+
	+	Wolters et al. (2003) showed that PAS increases or decreases motor cortical
	+	excitability (as measured by MEPs) when the interval between peripheral
	+	nerve stimulation and subsequent TMS pulse is 25 ms and 10 ms, respectively.
	+	This PAS-induced plasticity appears to be NMDA-receptor dependent
	+	and has been shown to influence motor learning (Stefan et al., 2006;
	+	Wolters et al., 2003; Ziemann, Ilic, Pauli, Meintzschel, & Ruge, 2004).
	+
	+	Nitsche et al. (2007) explored whether tDCS-induced background
	+	network activity changes effect PAS-induced plasticity. They hypothesized
	+	according to homeostatic plasticity theory that the effect of PAS would be
	+	enhanced with decreased background activity (Nitsche et al., 2007).
	+	Administering the PAS protocol to 12 healthy subjects, Nitsche et al.
	+	(2007) slowly stimulated the right ulnar nerve at the wrist at an intensity
	+	300% above sensory threshold while a single TMS pulse was delivered
	+	over the contralateral motor cortical region representing the right abductor
	+	digiti minimi muscle. This protocol was performed alone, following
	+	anodal and cathodal tDCS, and simultaneously with anodal and cathodal
	+	tDCS. When administered simultaneously with PAS, excitability-enhancing
	+	(anodal) tDCS decreased the efficacy of PAS and excitabilitydiminishing
	+	(cathodal) tDCS increased the efficacy of PAS.This same
	+	effect was observed for prolonged administration of tDCS as well, but was
	+	not observed when tDCS was administered before PAS. This suggests, in
	+	accordance with theories of homeostatic plasticity, that tDCS has the
	+	potential to modify the efficacy of PAS by modulating background activity
	+	in the brain. For instance, decreased excitability of the cortex induced
	+	by cathodal tDCS, when applied in combination with PAS, has the
	+	potential to increase associative synaptic plasticity.
	+	*more in study ,find articles
	+
	+
	+	tDCS on conditions such as chronic pain may shed light onto
	+	the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying these effects (see Zaghi
	+	et al., 2010, for recent review of the clinical applications of tDCS).
	+
	+	11.5 REWRITING A SITE IN PROGRESS
	+
	+	----
	+	7.6
	+	bulding new headsets for tDCS ad HD-tDCS (4x1)
	+
	+	----
	+	10.6
	+	new pictures : http://orlin.rajce.idnes.cz/tdcs
	+
	+	----
	+
	+	15.1 2013
	+	*[[http://bonsai.neuralengr.com/\|Bonsai]] (write them they send back password)
	+
	+	*starstim link
	+
	+	Open tDCS
	+	http://www.diytdcs.com/2013/01/the-open-tdcs-project/
	+	https://upverter.com/opentdcs/
	+
	+	----
	+	17.1 2013
	+	* new site with resources about tDCS http://www.alltdcs.com
	+
	+	* tests http://www.cambridgebrainsciences.com/
	+
	+	----
	+	6.3 2013
	+	* Voltage ripple poroblem in the ActivaDose II device
	+	http://speakwisdom.wordpress.com/2012/12/29/tdcs-does-ripple-voltage-matter/
	+
	+	* Trought the wormhole about tDCS
	+	{{youtube>I13IOKfeLzw?medium}}
	+	*Dave Siever from Mind Alive Inc.gives an overview of tDCS, how it’s theorized to work, and includes a set of tDCS montages for various purposes.
	+	http://www.diytdcs.com/2012/11/dave-siever-mind-alive-revisited
	+
	+	----
	+	7.3 2013
	+	*Open Source Hardware TDCS (based on LM334Z)
	+	{{https://nocko.se/assets/tdcs-article/v2-board-front.png}}
	+	{{https://nocko.se/assets/tdcs-article/v2-board-back.png}}
	+	https://nocko.se/2012/07/30/brain-zapping-is-fun/
	+	https://github.com/nocko/tdcs/
	+
	+	* Soterix Medical - 4x1 multichannel stimulation Device (good look to the soterix HD electrode)
	+	{{youtube>6y9aG30Rpzg?medium}}
	+
	+	----
	+	8.3 2013
	+
	+	{{http://wiki.hacdc.org/images/1/11/Opentdcs-v4.png}}
	+	The v4 is designed to drive higher impedance electrodes in addition to the usual sponge+saline electrodes by using the LT1026 charge pump controller to produce +18V to -18V split source from a 9V battery. It uses the LM334Z IC for fine current limiting control and a JFET as a gross 5mA limiter in case of LM334Z failure. ESD protection comes from two varistors. from:[[http://wiki.hacdc.org/index.php/TDCS]]
	+
	+	----
	+	12.3 2013
	+
	+	Ramping capacitor - possible problem
	+	*Yesterday i was bulding some tDCS with LM334 and try for first time use ramping capacitor. When i test device with load (5KOhms) all was ok ramping when i turn device on and ramping down when off. But when i change load (5kOhms potentiometer) during stimulation (testing) it create current peak up to 5 mA. I test it with few different capacitor and behavior is allwayes the same (only diffrent value of peak nad the time to return to normal ). Device without capacitor work witkout poroblem. In result of this i use instead of capacitor serail load ( linear potentiometr 100kOhms ) allows me to do manual ramping (0,07mA to setup current).
	+
	+	My question is can anybody test this capacitor problem maybe i do semething wrong , bad multimetter etc.. . If is this problem real is very bad idea use capacitor for ramping in use the resistance change is not to quick but stil can cause pretty high current peaks.
	+
	+	New posibilities for electrodes material
	+	NOT TESTED only ideas :
	+	* Polyimid resistive foil (50um , 100 Ohm/cm2 ) http://www.gme.cz/vodive-pryze/polyimidova-odporova-folie-26x20cm-100ohm-p661-130/
	+
	+	----
	+	7.4 2013
	+
	+
	+	Prof. Marom Bikson “Using Computational Models in tDCS Dose”
	+	http://www.diytdcs.com/2013/04/prof-marom-bikson-using-computational-models-in-tdcs-dose/
	+	* about problems with extracephalic electrodes
	+	* HD-tDCS electrodes - not use saline soaked sponge -) risk of burn
	+	*i plan test skin tolerability and sensation limits for sponge based HD-tDCS electrodes
	+	* direction of current (in , out , tangental , radial)
	+	* Comparing cortical plasticity induced by conventional and high-definition 4x1 ring tDCS
	+	*time course difference , longer effect
	+	*focality of HD-tDCS
	+	*Inter-subject variation in susceptibility >2x in TES
	+	*Dose normalization: Determine role of individual variation and predict requisite adjustments in subject
	+	specific dose.
	+
	+
	+
	+	Comparing cortical plasticity induced by conventional and high-
	+	definition 4x1 ring tDCS: a neurophysiological study
	+	Brain Stimulation 2012
	+	Kuo HI, Datta M, Bikson M, Minhas P, Paulus W, Kuo MF, Nitsche MA
	+
	+	----
	+	8.4
	+	Test of HD-tDCS electrodes
	+
	+	* problem with contact to polyimide foil
	+	* current desity with no pain/tingeling
	+	*270 uA/cm2 for saline soaked sponge
	+	*320 uA/cm2 for TEN20 EEG gel
	+	*(3,14cm2 electrodes on skin , cleaned by alcohol pad and abrasion by nuprep )
	+	* voltage problem after skin preparation 8,3 V at 1mA (9V power suply ) to close to the device limit
	+	--------) rebuild device to 18V version
	+
	+	----
	+
	+	9.4
	+	*rebuild to 18V version
	+	*too strong abrasion by nuprep -) increased pain in stimulation (damaged skin by abarasion)
	+	* current desity test up to 620uA/cm2
	+	* its posible stimulate with 620uA/cm2 without any fealing but result are not stable and is needed electrode improvements
	+	* better result for EEG gel than for saline soaked sponge
	+	* saline soaked sponge : not even saline distribution ? , to dry ? ---) more tests
	+
	+	to do:
	+	*rebuild electrodes from 3,14cm2 to 4 cm2 ( to reduce current density , new info : soterix use 4cm2 ,easier counting of current density )
	+	*lower height of elastic ring around electrode for EEG gel electrodes ( too much consumption of EEG gel )
	+	*sponge electrodes : Filling tube for guaranteed the same moisture for whole stimulation
	+	*sringe
	+	*gravity autofilling (3cm filling tube)
	+	*head movement caused spillage ? , end of the tube ?
	+	*improve elastic ring (reduce spillage of saline)
	+	* electrode cap for M1/SO 35cm2
	+	*fixation to holder
	+	*faster shape adjusting
	+	* electrode cap for 4X1 M1 HD-tDCS
	+	*EEG gel electrodes adhesion : usage witout cap ?
	+	* EEG electrode cap for 4X1 M1 HD-tDCS
	+	*hair problem in EEG cap --) find something to move away hair
	+	*holder allows one by one electrodes adding (easier to move away hair than in version where all electrodes fimly fixed to 4x1 holder)
	+	* TESTS painless/sesationless current desities for all types of electrodes , alcohol Y/N ,abrasion Y/N , alcohol + abrasion
	+	* arm or leg , forehead, hair area
	+
	+	*few interesting designs of caps
	+	{{http://biomedicaloptics.spiedigitallibrary.org/data/Journals/BIOMEDO/926250/JBO_18_2_027005_f001.png}}
	+
	+	[[http://biomedicaloptics.spiedigitallibrary.org/article.aspx?articleid=1567852]]
	+
	+	{{ http://www.wired.com/images_blogs/gadgetlab/2011/03/3-22-11-mynd-eeg-headset.jpg }}
	+
	+	{{http://gearmedia.ign.com/gear/image/article/772/772295/gdc-2007-emotiv-systems-unveils-shocking-neural-interface-device-20070312035005901-000.jpg}}
	+
	+	* dry electrodes
	+	* HD tdcs dry electrodes are crazy idea but worth some tests like current desity without iritation and hi-frequenci pulsed TDCS (4khz)
	+	*comercial EEG dry electrodes
	+	{{http://www.gtec.at/var/plain_site/storage/images/media/images/products/g.sahara/gsaharalongpin/26508-1-eng-GB/gSAHARAlongpin.jpg}}
	+
	+	{{http://beweb.ucsd.edu/courses/senior-design/projects/2010/project_17/electrode.jpg}}
	+
	+
	+	-------
	+	11.4
	+
	+	<del>rebuild electrodes from 3,14cm2 to 4 cm2 ( to reduce current density , new info : soterix use 4cm2 ,easier counting of current density ) </del> rebuild to 4,9cm2*
	+
	+	<del>lower height of elastic ring around electrode for EEG gel electrodes ( too much consumption of EEG gel )</del> OK (ring from tape)*
	+	<del>sponge electrodes : Filling tube for guaranteed the same moisture for whole stimulation</del> OK*
	+	*<del>sringe</del>
	+	<del>gravity autofilling (3cm filling tube)</del> Change of design*
	+	<del>head movement caused spillage ? , end of the tube ?</del> OK (capilar effect)*
	+	<del>improve elastic ring (reduce spillage of saline)</del> OK*
	+	<del>electrode cap for M1/SO 35cm2</del> OK*
	+	<del>fixation to holder</del> OK*
	+	<del>faster shape adjusting</del> OK*
	+
	+	<del>*electrode cap for 4X1 M1 HD-tDCS </del>
	+	<del>EEG gel electrodes adhesion : usage witout cap ?</del> OK*
	+	*holder allows one by one electrodes adding (easier to move away hair than in version where all electrodes fimly fixed to 4x1 holder)
	+	<del>EEG electrode cap for 4X1 M1 HD-tDCS hair problem in EEG cap --) find something to move away hair</del> Hole in cap is too small to put in electrode from top*
	+	* TESTS painless/sesationless current desities for all types of electrodes , alcohol Y/N ,abrasion Y/N , alcohol + abrasion
	+	* arm or leg , forehead, hair area
	+
	+	TO DO
	+	*elstic rings
	+	<del>*filling tube
	+	*elctrode holder
	+	*HD-TDCS cap</del>
	+	*TESTS
	+
	+	-----------------
	+
	+	29.4
	+	Usefull tool for locating DLPFC
	+
	+	An efficient and accurate new method for locating the F3 position for prefrontal TMS applications
	+
	+	http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2882797/
	+
	+	http://clinicalresearcher.org/F3/
	+
	+
	+	My Email
	+	ORLIN1@seznam.cz